{"id":119960,"date":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=119960"},"modified":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","slug":"malaysia-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/malaysia-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Malaysia: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-119960","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-malaysia"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shearn Delamore &amp; Co<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/07\/ShearnDelamore_Original-2.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shearn Delamore &amp; Co<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/07\/ShearnDelamore_Original-2.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Malaysia<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Arbitration Act 2005 (\u201cAA 2005\u201d) applies to arbitrations seated in Malaysia. The Act applies to both domestic and international arbitration seated in Malaysia.<\/p>\n<p>The mandatory provisions include those preserving the parties\u2019 right to equal treatment (Section 20), competence-competence (Section 18), limited judicial intervention (Section 8), and automatic stay of court proceedings (Section 10).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Malaysia acceded to the 1958 New York Convention and implements it through Sections 38 and 39 AA 2005.<\/p>\n<p>Malaysia maintains the \u201creciprocity\u201d and \u201ccommercial\u201d reservations: the Convention applies only to awards made in the territory of another contracting state and to differences arising out of legal relationships considered commercial under Malaysian law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Malaysia is a party to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 1965 (\u201cICSID Convention\u201d), implemented via the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Act 1966 (\u201cICSID Act\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Malaysia is also a party to many Bilateral Investment Treaties (\u201cBIT\u201d) with various countries, which include provisions for the protection of foreign investments and provide for investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The AA 2005 substantially incorporates the UNCITRAL Model Law, including: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>dual-track structure distinguishing domestic and international arbitration;<\/li>\n<li>express kompetenz-kompetenz (Section 18), limited judicial intervention; and<\/li>\n<li>statutory confidentiality provisions (Sections 41A \u2013 41J).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The Arbitration (Amendment) Act 2024 (\u201cAmendment Act\u201d) has been passed but is not yet in force. Once commenced, it will, among others: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>introduce a statutory third-party funding regime (new Sections 46A \u2013 46I);<\/li>\n<li>re-frame recognition by providing automatic binding effect of awards with consequential procedural changes to enforcement; and<\/li>\n<li>reflect the Asian International Arbitration Centre (\u201cAIAC\u201d) restructuring (creation of the AIAC Court of Arbitration (\u201cAIAC Court\u201d) and the President replacing the \u201cDirector\u201d in appointment functions).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The main arbitral institution in Malaysia is the AIAC. The AIAC Arbitration Rules 2026 (effective 1 September 2026) (\u201cAIAC Rules 2026\u201d) replace the AIAC Arbitration Rules 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Key changes include: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the establishment of AIAC Court and the position of President.<\/li>\n<li>mandatory disclosure of existence and identity of any third-party funder (Rules 5.1(f), 6.1(d), 31).<\/li>\n<li>procedures for summary determination (Rule 9) and emergency arbitration (Rules 12 to 14).<\/li>\n<li>enhanced fast-track procedure (Rule 7).<\/li>\n<li>expanded joinder and consolidation provisions (Rules 8 and 10).<\/li>\n<li>remote participation and electronic service of documents (Rule 37).<\/li>\n<li>hybrid procedure integrating mediation within arbitration (Rule 49).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Arbitration-related applications are heard by the High Court (Commercial Division) and, where relevant, by the Court of Appeal and Federal Court.<\/p>\n<p>The AIAC Court performs supervisory and administrative functions, but it is not a judicial body and does not exercise adjudicatory powers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Section 9 AA 2005, an arbitration agreement must: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify a defined legal relationship;<\/li>\n<li>Be in writing, including by exchange of letters, emails, or other electronic communications; and<\/li>\n<li>Provide for arbitration as a method of dispute resolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In Setia Awan Management Sdn Bhd v SPNB Aspirasi Sdn Bhd [2025] 4 MLJ 181 (\u201cSetia Awan Management\u201d), the Court of Appeal confirmed that even where a clause contains permissive wording and provides that disputes \u201cmay be referred to arbitration\u201d, the agreement remains binding once a party elects arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Section 18(2) AA 2005 recognises that an arbitration clause is independent of the underlying contract. Even if the main contract is invalid, terminated, or rescinded, the arbitration clause survives unless the clause itself is specifically challenged. (see Gise Kam Kwan International Trade Ltd v Antara Steel Mills Sdn Bhd [2024] CLJU 1870 and Peninsula Education (Setia Alam) Sdn Bhd v Biaxis (M) Sdn Bhd (in liquidation) [2024] 5 MLJ 388).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No Malaysian decision directly addresses the validation principle in the context of an arbitration agreement. However, the reasoning of the UK Supreme Court in Enka Insaat Ve Sanayi AS v OOO Insurance Company Chubb [2020] UKSC 38 may be persuasive, which held that where no governing law has been expressly chosen, an arbitration agreement should, so far as possible, be construed to give effect to the parties\u2019 intention to arbitrate rather than to invalidate it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. In Majlis Perbandaran Seremban v Maraputra Sdn Bhd [2004] 5 MLJ 469, the High Court held that clauses granting only one party the right to refer disputes to arbitration \u201care not unusual and are valid and binding.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In Setia Awan Management (supra), the Court of Appeal, referring to Wilson Taylor Asia Pacific Pte Ltd v Dyna-Jet Pte Ltd [2017] SGCA 32, confirmed that unilateral or one-way arbitration agreements are enforceable under Malaysian law.<\/p>\n<p>The determinative test is whether there exists a valid arbitration agreement that is not null, void, inoperative, or incapable of performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Malaysia, a non-party to an arbitration agreement cannot compel or be compelled to arbitrate.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, joinders of third parties or non-signatories are provided for under Rule 10 AIAC Rules 2026.<\/p>\n<p>In Jaya Sudhir a\/l Jayaram v Nautical Supreme Sdn Bhd &amp; Ors [2019] 5 MLJ 1, the Federal Court held that the AA 2005 does not apply to non-parties, and a non-party seeking to restrain arbitration must satisfy the equitable tests in Keet Gerald v Mohd Noor [1995] 1 MLJ 193 and J Jarvis &amp; Sons Ltd v Blue Circle Dartford Estates Ltd [2007] EWHC 1262.<\/p>\n<p>See also Damai City Sdn Bhd v MCC Overseas (M) Sdn Bhd [2022] MLJU 2096; and Abd Rahman Soltan &amp; Ors v FELDA &amp; Anor [2023] 7 CLJ 705.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Thai-Lao Lignite Co Ltd &amp; Anor v Government of The Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic [2017] 9 CLJ 273, the Federal Court held that where the seat of arbitration is Malaysia, Malaysian law governs the arbitration agreement, absent an express or implied choice to the contrary.<\/p>\n<p>The general principle is that the law of the arbitration agreement is determined by (i) express choice of the parties; (ii) failing that, an implied choice; or (ii) failing both, the system of law with the closest and most real connection to the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The applicable substantive law is governed by Section 30 AA 2005.<\/p>\n<p>Malaysian conflict-of-laws principles, as outlined in James Capel (Far East) Ltd v YK Fung Securities Sdn Bhd [1996] 2 MLJ 97, require the court (and by extension, the tribunal) to consider whether there is an express choice of governing law; failing that, it will infer an implied choice from the contract. In its absence, the court will consider the law with the closest and most real connection to the transaction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Sections 12 and 13 AA 2005, parties are free to agree on the number, qualifications, and procedure for appointment. Arbitrators must be independent and impartial and satisfy any agreed qualifications. There are no restrictions on nationality, residence, or profession.<\/p>\n<p>Where the parties fail to agree, the statutory defaults as set out under Sections 12 and 13 AA 2005 will apply.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Where the agreed appointment process fails, either party may apply to the High Court under Section 13(7). The Court may also decide on the termination or replacement of an arbitrator where a party or the appointing authority fails to act (Sections 15 to 17).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Sections 14 and 15 AA 2005, an arbitrator may be challenged for justifiable doubts as to independence or impartiality, or if lacking agreed qualifications. The challenge must be made in writing within 15 days of learning the relevant facts.<\/p>\n<p>Unless otherwise agreed, the arbitral tribunal decides the challenge. If rejected, the challenging party may apply to the High Court within 30 days, and the arbitration may proceed pending that decision. The Court\u2019s determination is final.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In MMC Engineering Group Bhd &amp; Anor v Wayss &amp; Freytag (M) Sdn Bhd &amp; Anor [2015] MLJU 477, the High Court held that bias must relate to the particular arbitration and not an arbitrator\u2019s conduct in other matters.<\/p>\n<p>In Persatuan Kanak-Kanak Spastik Selangor &amp; Wilayah Persekutuan v Low Koh Hwa @ Low Kok Hwa [2023] 1 MLJ 342, the Court of Appeal affirmed that once disclosure is made under Section 14, a party who proceeds without objection within the 15-day period under Section 15(1) is estopped from later alleging bias.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Section 47 AA 2005 provides that an arbitrator is not liable for any act or omission done in the discharge of their functions unless shown to be in bad faith.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Under Section 18(1) AA 2005, the tribunal is empowered to rule on its own jurisdiction, including questions on the existence, validity, or scope of the arbitration agreement. (see Press Metal Sarawak Sdn Bhd v Etika Takaful Bhd [2016] 5 MLJ 417 and TNB Fuel Services Sdn Bhd v China National Coal Group Corp [2013] 4 MLJ 857).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Section 10 AA 2005, courts must stay court proceedings that are subject to an arbitration agreement unless the applicant has taken deliberate steps to litigate or the agreement is null, void, inoperative, or incapable of performance. (see Press Metal Sarawak (supra) and Airbus Helicopters Malaysia Sdn Bhd v Aerial Power Lines Sdn Bhd [2024] 4 CLJ 243).<\/p>\n<p>Courts may also grant anti-suit injunctions to restrain foreign proceedings brought in breach of a Malaysian arbitration clause (Jaya Sudhir (supra)). However, limited exceptions apply (see Protasco Bhd v Tey Por Yee [2018] 5 CLJ 299; Kebabangan Petroleum Operating Co Sdn Bhd v Mikuni (M) Sdn Bhd [2021] 7 CLJ 544; and V Medical Services (M) Sdn Bhd v Swissray Asia Healthcare Co Ltd [2025] 2 MLJ 744).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitration proceeds notwithstanding a party\u2019s default (Section 27 AA 2005 and Rule 39 AIAC Rules 2026).<\/p>\n<p>If a party fails to pay its share of the deposits, Rule 48 allows the AIAC to suspend or terminate proceedings until payment is made. In Kebabangan Petroleum Operating Co (supra), the Court held that termination due to non-payment may render the arbitration agreement inoperative.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Rule 10 AIAC Rules 2026 provides that before the tribunal is constituted, the AIAC Court decides on the issue of joinders; thereafter, the tribunal may decide. If joinder is allowed, the tribunal may be reconstituted.<\/p>\n<p>Where all parties consent, the tribunal may allow the joinder. Without unanimous consent, joinder may still be granted if the additional party is prima facie bound by the arbitration agreement or its participation is necessary for a fair and efficient resolution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><h4>Interim Measures<\/h4>\n<p>Under Section 19 AA 2005, the tribunal may order certain interim measures.<\/p>\n<p>Under Section 11 AA 2005, the High Court has concurrent jurisdiction to grant interim measures before or during arbitration, including asset arrest or security under its admiralty powers.<\/p>\n<h4>Anti-Suit \/ Anti-Arbitration Injunctions<\/h4>\n<p>Courts may issue such injunctions under Section 11 AA 2005 or their inherent jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In Mobikom Sdn Bhd v Inmiss Communications Sdn Bhd [2007] 3 MLJ 316, the Court of Appeal affirmed jurisdiction to grant anti-suit injunctions where interest of justice demands so.<\/li>\n<li>The Federal Court in Jaya Sudhir (supra) held that the higher threshold in J Jarvis &amp; Sons Ltd v Blue Circle Dartford Estates Ltd [2007] EWHC 1262 applies to parties to an arbitration agreement (injustice or oppression test), while the lower test in Keet Gerald v Mohd Noor [1995] 1 MLJ 193 applies to non-parties (serious issue and balance of convenience).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Section 21 AA 2005, parties have wide autonomy to agree on evidentiary procedure; failing agreement, the tribunal determines admissibility, relevance, and weight of evidence.<\/p>\n<p>Tribunals commonly draw guidance from the International Bar Association (IBA) Rules on the Taking of Evidence, especially for document production, witness statements, and expert testimony.<\/p>\n<p>Section 29(2) AA 2005 allows parties, with the tribunal\u2019s approval, to seek assistance from the High Court in taking evidence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitrators are bound by Sections 14 and 15 AA 2005 (independence, impartiality, and disclosure). The AIAC Code of Conduct for Arbitrators, read with the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest, sets the relevant ethical standards.<\/p>\n<p>Counsel who are Malaysian advocates and solicitors remain subject to the Legal Profession Act 1976 and the Legal Profession (Practice and Etiquette) Rules 1978.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes (Section 41A AA 2005). Exceptions include where disclosure is made: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To protect or pursue a legal right or enforce\/challenge an award;<\/li>\n<li>As required by law; or<\/li>\n<li>To a professional or any other adviser.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Confidentiality does not bind non-parties (Dato\u2019 Seri Timor Shah Rafiq v Nautilus Tug &amp; Towage Sdn Bhd [2019] 10 MLJ 693).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest and similar soft law instruments (e.g., the IBA Rules on Evidence) are not binding but are regularly applied as persuasive standards.<\/p>\n<p>The AIAC Code of Conduct for Arbitrators also refers to the IBA Guidelines as a reference standard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The costs of arbitration are governed by AA 2005 and, where applicable and operational, the AIAC Rules 2026 (Rules 47 and 48 with Schedules 1A and 1B).<\/p>\n<p>Section 44 AA 2005 confers broad discretion on the tribunal to determine costs.<\/p>\n<p>Separately, under Section 33(6) AA 2005, the tribunal may award pre- and post-award interest on the principal sum and on costs at such rates and for such periods as it considers appropriate, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Malaysia Resources Corporation Bhd v Desaru Peace Holdings Club Sdn Bhd [2023] 4 CLJ 91, the High Court confirmed that although both the tribunal and the court have concurrent jurisdiction to grant interim measures, parties should first apply to the tribunal unless exceptional circumstances exist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The court must grant recognition and enforcement of an arbitration award upon such an application being made subject to the compliance of the requirements as set out under Section 38 AA 2005 (see Tune Talk Sdn Bhd v Padda Gurtaj Singh [2020] 3 MLJ 184).<\/p>\n<p>Under Section 33(3) AA 2005 the tribunal must provide reasons for an award unless the parties agree otherwise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An application for recognition and enforcement is made ex parte under Order 69 Rule 8 of the Rules of Court 2012. The respondent then has 14 days after service to apply to set aside the order, and the award cannot be enforced until that period expires or the challenge is dismissed (CTI Group Inc v International Bulk Carriers SPA [2017] 9 CLJ 499 (Federal Court)).<\/p>\n<p>In practice, uncontested applications are usually completed within two to three months, while contested ones may take six to nine months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral awards are final, binding, and conclusive, with no right of appeal on fact or law (see Asean Bintulu Fertilizer Sdn Bhd v Wekajaya Sdn Bhd [2018] 4 MLJ 799).<\/p>\n<p>The limited circumstances in which an arbitral award may be set aside, or its recognition and enforcement opposed, are set out under Sections 37 and 39 of AA 2005. See Ken Grouting Sdn Bhd v RKT Nusantara Sdn Bhd and another [2021] 4 MLJ 622; Master Mulia Sdn Bhd v Sigur Rus Sdn Bhd [2020] 12 MLJ 198; and Pancaran Prima Sdn Bhd v Iswarabena Sdn Bhd [2021] 1 MLJ 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, an arbitral award pursuant to an arbitration agreement is only binding on the parties to the arbitration agreement (Section 36(1) AA 2005). Further, the AA 2005 does not confer the right to a third party to challenge the recognition of an arbitral award.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no recent Malaysian court decisions squarely addressing third-party funding (\u201cTPF\u201d) in arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>The forthcoming Amendment Act introduces Sections 46A\u201346I into the AA 2005, providing that TPF agreements will no longer be contrary to public policy on grounds of maintenance and champerty. Funded parties must disclose the existence and identity of the funder to the opposing party, tribunal, or court.<\/p>\n<p>The AIAC Rules 2026 now consolidate disclosure obligations (previously under Rule 12 of the 2023 Rules) in Rule 31.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The AA 2005 expressly recognises emergency arbitrators, included within the definition of \u201carbitral tribunal\u201d in Section 2.<\/p>\n<p>In CRCC Malaysia Bhd v DSG Projects Malaysia Sdn Bhd [2023] 9 MLJ 713, the High Court acknowledged that emergency arbitrators are now vested with the same powers as any arbitrator under the AA 2005, and their decisions are recognised as binding and are readily enforceable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Rule 7 AIAC Rules 2026 retains the expedited or Fast Track Procedure introduced in earlier editions. However, it remains infrequently utilised in practice, as noted in AIAC\u2019s recent Annual Reports.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. However, under Section 39(1)(g) AA 2005, enforcement will be refused if the award has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority at the seat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. In MMC Engineering Group Bhd &amp; Anor v Wayss &amp; Freytag (M) Sdn Bhd &amp; Anor [2015] MLJU 477, the High Court held that the applicant must establish that the corruption induced or affected the making of the award; mere allegations of misconduct or bad character were insufficient.<\/p>\n<p>Under Sections 37 and 39 AA 2005, an award may be set aside or refused recognition if contrary to Malaysian public policy, including where it was induced or affected by fraud or corruption. The burden of proof lies on the party alleging corruption.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. However, the Court of Appeal affirmed the High Court\u2019s decision in Elisabeth Regina Maria Gabriele Von Pezold &amp; Ors v Republic of Zimbabwe [2023] MLJU 2657, wherein an arbitral award issued under the ICSID Convention was recognised and enforced. The Court treated the award as a judgment of the Malaysian High Court pursuant to the ICSID Act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. The AIAC Rules 2026 enhanced the AIAC Rules 2023: &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The term \u201cvirtually\u201d now covers the entire arbitration, not merely hearings (Rule 2.4);<\/li>\n<li>Emergency arbitrations may be conducted virtually (Rule 13.5); and<\/li>\n<li>Tribunals are expressly empowered to hold case management meetings virtually (Rule 28.1(c)).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. However, legislative and policy developments indicate increasing emphasis on sustainability and rights-based regulation.<\/p>\n<h4>Climate change and sustainability<\/h4>\n<p>The Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Bill 2025 was enacted to regulate carbon sequestration, and the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2024 now promotes energy efficiency across sectors.<\/p>\n<h4>Social responsibility<\/h4>\n<p>Following Loh Guet Ching v Menteri Sumber Manusia &amp; Ors [2022] MLJU 2503, Parliament enacted the Gig Workers Act 2025, establishing a Gig Workers Tribunal with appeal rights to the High Court.<\/p>\n<h4>Human rights<\/h4>\n<p>In July 2025, the Federal Court struck down Section 9(5) of the Peaceful Assembly Act 2012 as unconstitutional for imposing disproportionate penalties on organisers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. Malaysia enforces sanctions primarily through the Strategic Trade Act 2010 (\u201cSTA\u201d), which regulates export, transit, and transshipment of strategic items.<\/p>\n<p>Malaysia also implements United Nations sanctions, and designate countries such as Afghanistan, North Korea, and Rwanda as restricted destinations requiring special export permits.<\/p>\n<p>There are no reported decisions addressing the impact of sanctions on arbitration proceedings in Malaysia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. Regulation remains under existing frameworks such as the Personal Data Protection Act 2010, Consumer Protection Act 1999, Contracts Act 1950, and Sale of Goods Act 1957.<\/p>\n<p>The Cyber Security Act 2024 strengthens data protection and cross-border cybersecurity, while the National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics further establish seven non-binding principles for responsible AI use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">4157<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/119960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}