{"id":119684,"date":"2025-11-11T17:54:51","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T17:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=119684"},"modified":"2025-11-12T14:27:54","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:27:54","slug":"egypt-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/egypt-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Egypt: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-119684","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-egypt"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shalakany Law Office<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/shalakany.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Shalakany Law Office<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/shalakany.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Egypt<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The main legislation governing arbitration in Egypt is the Egyptian Arbitration Law (issued by virtue of law No.27 of 1994, as amended) (the \u201cEAL\u201d). It is accurate to state that the EAL is the primary legislation that regulates the arbitration process in Egypt.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Each statutory provision within a given law would have to be considered on its own and, based on its wording, can be categorized as being mandatory or supplementary.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mandatory provisions that touch upon arbitration can also be found in other, more specific laws. A common example can be found in the Egyptian Commercial Law (issued by virtue of law No.17 of 1999, as amended). Article 87 thereof provides that it is permissible that the parties agree to settle such disputes through arbitration, on the condition that the arbitration takes place in Egypt (i.e., is seated in Egypt) and in accordance with Egyptian law (i.e., the governing law is Egyptian law). The legislator used wording that makes it clear that the legislator\u2019s intention is for said provision to be mandatory. Thus, any agreement to the contrary between the parties would be null.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Arab Republic of Egypt is a signatory to the New York Convention and the date on which the New York Convention has become part of Egypt\u2019s legal system is June 7<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, 1959. No reservations were made by Egypt.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Egypt signed the ICSID convention on February 11<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, 1972. It entered into force and became part of Egypt\u2019s legal system in June, 1972.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Egypt is also a signatory to a number of Bilateral Investment Treaties (\u201cBITs\u201d) with a number of states and has concluded over 115 BITs, of which approximately 74 are currently in force.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EAL is mainly derived from the UNCITRAL Model Law. The Egyptian Supreme Court, in one of its rulings, confirmed that the EAL aligns with key international conventions on arbitration, especially for international disputes. It follows the UNCITRAL Model Law (1985), which allows disputes from a defined legal relationship to be referred to arbitration through either a contract clause or a separate agreement, including when a contract refers to another document with an arbitration clause.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are some differences between the EAL and the UNCITRAL Model Law. For example, while the latter only applies to \u2018international\u2019 \u2018commercial\u2019 arbitration, the EAL applies to all arbitrations seated in Egypt and all arbitrations which are not seated in Egypt but which are governed by the EAL due to the disputing parties\u2019 agreement to subject the arbitration proceedings to the EAL. The EAL also authorizes arbitration involving disputes stemming from administrative contracts.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">On the issue of reform, we note that the Minister of Justice issued Decree No.6 of 2022 regarding the formation a committee entrusted with preparing the necessary amendments to the EAL. However, no concrete updates or further developments have been made since then.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The main and leading <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">arbitration <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">institution in Egypt is the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">\u201cCRCICA\u201d). The latest rules were issued and entered into force as of January 15<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun Superscript SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-fontsize=\"11\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189815956 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, 2024.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">While there <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">is no specialist arbitration court in Egypt<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, there are specialized court circuits within Egyptian courts for matters involving arbitration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">T<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">he <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">EAL<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">provides that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> for arbitration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">-related<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> disputes <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">lies with<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the originally competent court to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">hear<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the dispute. Moreover, the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to review<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> arbitration-related disputes concerning<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> international commercial arbitration lies with the Cairo Court of Appeal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> unless the parties<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> agree<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to resort to another <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">appeal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> court. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Once <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">identified<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">he competent court <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">retains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> exclusive <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to hear and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">decide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> arbitration-related issues<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> until the completion of all arbitration proceedings.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW262925561 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> This, in our view, is a beneficial jurisdictional rule to adopt with respect to arbitration as it avoids the fragmentation of arbitration-related disputes across two or more different courts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EAL requires that the arbitration agreement must be in writing. This requirement can be met through various ways, including documents signed by the parties, correspondence such as letters, telegrams, telex,\u00a0 and fax.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The arbitration agreement can take the form of a clause within a contract or a separate, stand-alone agreement. If the arbitration agreement is concluded after a dispute arises, the matters to be resolved by arbitration must be specified in the arbitration agreement or said agreement will be deemed null and void.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arbitration is also not valid if no arbitration agreement exists, or if the agreement is null, subject to nullification, or has expired and, if at the time of its conclusion, one of the parties lacked legal capacity or had diminished capacity under the law governing their capacity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In addition, the subject matter of the arbitration agreement must be legally valid for adjudication by arbitration. Some issues are considered non-arbitrable under Egyptian law. These include, <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">inter alia<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, issues concerning personal status, and criminal-liability matters.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lastly, the arbitration agreement is not valid if included in administrative contracts unless the competent minister, or in some cases the official assuming his\/her authorities and powers, approves it.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The EAL<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">emphasize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the separability of the arbitration clause<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">The Egyptian Court of Cassation has affirmed <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a number of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> rulings <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">that an arbitration clause is independent from the rest of the contract. The nullity, termination, or rescission of the main contract does not affect a valid arbitration clause contained <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in such <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">contract<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">While adopting a validation principle is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a positive sign of an arbitration-friendly <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, Egyptian law does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">apply any validation principle. As such, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">if<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> an arbitration agreement is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> governed by Egyptian law, Egyptian courts would <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">proceed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to examine the validity of such arbitration agreement using an Egyptian law lens. If <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the arbitration agreement in question is found invalid under Egyptian law, Egyptian courts would <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">proceed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to deal with the dispute as if no <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26986962 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">valid arbitration agreement exists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">In Egypt, asymmetric arbitration clauses are not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> valid. Th<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">e position of Egyptian courts on this issue is aligned with the position adopted in other <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdictions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, such as that of the United Arab Emirates. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">The position in Egypt stems from the fact that arbitration is a dispute resolution mechanism that is alternative to litigation. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Further, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in order for<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> a valid arbitration agreement to be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to exist, one of the requirements that must be fulfilled is that the common intention of the contracting parties must be clear that it is aligned on opting for arbitration as the dispute resolution mechanism of choice. Thus, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">where one party has the right to choose between arbitration and litigation, while the other party does not have said <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">option<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56299765 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, Egyptian courts had found that no valid arbitration agreement exists. Hence, the only available dispute resolution forum would be courts, unless the disputing parties conclude a valid arbitration agreement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Third parties or non-signatories can be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> bound by an arbitration agreement in various cases. This includes cases where the third party \/ non-signatory <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">was involved in the implementation of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, at least,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> a considerable part of the contract<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">It also includes cases where the third party \/ non-signatory <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">is found to have been represented by one of the contracting parties when <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">entering into<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the relevant contract. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Another instance is where a third party succeeds by law or assignment to a contracting party\u2019s rights and obligations stemming from the relevant contract. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">A third-party beneficiary, when <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">exercising rights stemming from a contract it did not sign, could also be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">bound by the arbitration clause embedded within such a contract. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Thus, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a third party who wishes to exercise a right that is granted to it pursuant, for example, to an insurance policy or a subcontract, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">should examine the issue of forum as part of its overall strategy prior to launching a court case. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Egyptian courts, however, have been <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">hesitant to fully adopt the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil when it comes to arbitration and binding a third party, non-signatory to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">an arbitration agreement. Said hesitance has been <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">witnessed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> by practitioners in both litigation and arbitration cases<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> governed by Egyptian law. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">In a 2018<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> ruling, the Egyptian Cassation Court <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">allowed extension of an arbitration clause to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a third party, non-signatory <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">on the basis of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the Group of Companies doctrine. The court\u2019s rationale was that the non-signatory company had contributed to the formation, execution, and completion of the underlying contract. This is a positive development <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">as it shows that Egyptian courts are willing to go beyond<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">depart<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> from<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the fixed parameters of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW179265441 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a contract when the factual matrix allows for such departure to take place.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Egyptian courts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, when faced with a lacuna in the arbitration agreement itself concerning the applicable law to said agreement, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">resort to a hierarchy of connecting factors. Said factors are drawn from both case law and private international law principles. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">First, Egyptian courts would look for an implied choice of law. For instance, if the parties have opted for Egyptian law to govern the merits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> of their dispute, then court<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> would, in the absence of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">strong <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">evidence<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> of a contra<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ry intention,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> often deduce that the same law governs the arbitration clause<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. Further, if the arbitration is seated in Egypt, Egyptian courts may deduce an implied intention to apply Egyptian law to the arbitration agreement. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Second, if no choice (whether express or implied) can be found, Egyptian courts <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">would consider applying the law of the seat of arbitration to the arbitration agreement itself. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Such an approach carries the advantage of increasing the likelihood that no conflict exists between different laws <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">pertaining to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> different <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdictions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Third, Egyptian courts would, in a situation where neither the seat nor the underlying contract\u2019s choice of law clause<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> provides a helpful, clear answer, resort to a third connecting factor; namely, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the law most <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">closely connected<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to the arbitration agreement. In this third layer, an Egyptian court would consider <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">a number of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> factors, including the nationality and domicile \/ residence of the contracting parties, the place of conclusion of the agreement, the place of performance of the agreement,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> and the overall economic connection of the project \/ relationship to any of the relevant jurisdictions. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">In 2004, the Cairo Appeal Court had confirmed that, where the parties have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">no<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> expressly <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">designated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> a law to govern the arbitration clause, and the arbitration happens to be seated in the Arab Republic of Egypt, th<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">e arbitration agreement would be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> governed by Egyptian law.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> In 2011, the Cairo Appeal Court found that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, in the absence of express agreement by the parties, an arbitration clause shall be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">governed by the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">governing law of the merits, unless the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">parties\u2019<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">implied\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> intention<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> or the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">relevant <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">circumstances <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">indicate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW155050394 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> otherwise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">This<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> issue<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> is subject to the autonomy of the parties. The Egyptian <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Cassation Court<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> issued a ruling in 2023 emphasizing that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> pursuant to article 39 and 53 of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the EAL<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, the arbitral tribunal must primarily apply the rules agreed upon by the parties, and if they agreed to apply the laws of a certain country, the substantive law of this country is to be applied unless agreed otherwise. The court specifically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">state<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">d<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> that: <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">\u201cAccording to Articles 39 and 53(1)(d) of the Arbitration Law, when the parties agree on the legal rules governing their dispute, the arbitral tribunal must adhere to and apply those rules, considering the contract terms and trade customs. If the parties agree to apply the law of a specific state, the tribunal must apply its substantive rules rather than its conflict of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">laws<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> rules, unless otherwise agreed. Where only the state law is specified without <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">designating<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> a particular branch, the tribunal may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">apply<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the branch it <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deems<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> most connected to the dispute. The tribunal cannot disregard the agreed legal rules and replace them with principles of equity and fairness even if the tribunal is entrusted with conciliation\u201d <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">(The Egyptian Cour de cassation challenge No.13996 of JY-91 issued in 2023)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. In the absence of agreement between the parties, the arbitral tribunal would have to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">determine<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> which law governs the merits of the dispute, taking into consideration all the relevant <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">connecting<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108180284 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> factors.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The EAL<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> places certain restrictions on the appointment of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">arbitrator<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">An arbitrator must not be a minor, legally incapacitated, deprived of civil rights due to a criminal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">offence<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">or misdemeanor prejudicial to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">honor<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">or declared bankrupt unless rehabilitated. There are no nationality or gender<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> or religious<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> requirements unless agreed by the parties or specified by law. Acceptance of the role must be in writing, and the arbitrator must <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">disclose<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> and declare<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> any circumstances that could raise <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">unjustifiable <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">doubts about their independence or impartiality.<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">In addition, a permit is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> from the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223160018 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">employer for an employee in a public entity to sit as arbitrator and from the supreme judicial council for judges to sit as arbitrators as an exception and in limited situations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Egyptian courts would only intervene in the selection of arbitrators if (a) the parties agree that Egyptian courts would act as an appointing authority <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in case no agreement is reached between the parties on the appointment of arbitrat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ors,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> (b) if no agreement is reached by the parties on an appointing authority and one of the parties fail to appoint an arbitrator within the applicable deadline, and<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">(c)<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264424117 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">recusal of an arbitrator is pursued by one of the parties and the arbitration in question does not unilaterally resign.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EAL allows challenging an arbitrator if there exist circumstances that give rise to serious, justifiable doubts in relation to his\/her impartiality and\/or independence. However, a party to the arbitration is not allowed to challenge his\/her appointed arbitrator except for a reason that becomes clear after the appointment has been made.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EAL has regulated the procedures for filing a challenge against an arbitrator, where it stated that the challenge request must be submitted, in writing, to the arbitral tribunal including the reasons for such challenge. The challenge should be filed within 15 days from the date on which the challenging party becomes aware of the tribunal\u2019s formation or the circumstances justifying the challenge. If the arbitrator does not withdraw within 15 days of receiving the challenge, the EAL refers the issue to the competent court. The court\u2019s decision is final and binding. The submission of the challenge request does not suspend the arbitration proceedings, however, if the arbitrator is removed, all arbitration proceedings conducted by the challenged arbitrator are to be considered null and void.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The CRCICA rules include provisions for challenging an arbitrator. The Center requests comments on the challenge from the parties. Should the challenged arbitrator refrain from withdrawing or the parties do not agree to remove the challenged arbitrator, the challenge is refereed to an <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ad hoc<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> committee, including members of the CRCICA\u2019s Advisory Committee, for a decision on the challenge.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">In a 2022 ruling, t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">he Egyptian Cassation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> Court<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> emphasized o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">n the application of the IBA Guidelines <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">2014)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> relation to the duty of impartiality and independence and the duty of disclosure. The <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">C<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ourt <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">stated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> that the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> Orange List contained in the IBA Guidelines<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> which serves as persuasive authority for courts in many <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdictions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">provides<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> non-exhaustive examples of situations that may give rise to justifiable doubts <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">regarding<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> an arbitrator\u2019s independence or impartiality, thereby requiring disclosure.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> This is an important development because, on the one hand, it signals Egyptian court\u2019s attention to what is happening on the global arena and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">its attention to soft law instruments, and on the other hand, it signals Egyptian courts\u2019 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">comfort and ability to interpret and apply soft law instruments such as the IBA Guidelines in a manner that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236638888 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">is consistent with the intended goals behind arbitration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Egyptian law do<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">es<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> not provide for arbitrators<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> immunity. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">However, in practice, an arbitrator could be held liable for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the harm caused due to said arbitrator\u2019s gross fault and\/or gross negligence. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186875079 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">The party pursuing a claim against an arbitrator would carry the burden of proving that the arbitrator committed a gross fault and\/or gross negligence, that the claimant suffered harm, and that there is causality between the fault and the harm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The principle of competence-competence is well recognized under <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the EAL<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. Article 22(1) of which grants the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">tribunal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the authority to rule <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">on<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> its own <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">. This includes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the power to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">decide on<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233594029 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> objections based on the non-existence, lapse, invalidity, or inapplicability of the arbitration agreement to the subject matter of the dispute.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Egyptian courts would wait for the defendant \/ respondent to either accept the court\u2019s jurisdiction thereby waiving the arbitration agreement, or to object to the court\u2019s jurisdiction based on the existence of a valid arbitration agreement. If the latter scenario crystalizes, court would then proceed to examine the arbitration agreement to determine whether or not it is valid. If court concludes that the arbitration agreement is invalid, then court would proceed to hear and decide on the dispute. This, however, is inconsistent with the competence-competence principle. One way of removing such inconsistency is for courts, when faced with a valid arbitration agreement that is being invoked by the respondent, to stay the proceedings until the parties go to arbitration and get a decision from the arbitral tribunal on the issue of the validity of the arbitration agreement. If the arbitral tribunal decides that it does have jurisdiction based on a valid arbitration agreement, then court should accept the respondent\u2019s argument and find the case inadmissible due to the existence of a valid arbitration agreement.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The EAL provides that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the arbitral tribunal shall <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">proceed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> with the arbitration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> proceedings<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> even<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> if<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the respondent <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">fails to<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">submit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> its defense as per <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">article 30(2)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, and such failure shall not be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">deemed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> an admission of the claimant\u2019s claims, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Although, it is not clearly <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">stated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> under the EAL, the tribunal, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in accordance with<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the principles of transparency, equality and without prejudice to the right to defend, must notify the parties with all what has been <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">submitted<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253197321 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> during the proceedings.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EAL does not regulate the joinder of third parties to the arbitration proceedings. It is clearly stated under Egyptian law that the contracts only bind their parties, and by extension, the arbitration agreement itself is only binding to the parties who consented to it. However, third parties may only join arbitration proceedings if all parties to the arbitration agreement consent.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The joinder of third parties to the arbitration proceedings has been recognized in summary by the new CRCICA rules of 2024. Article 17.5 thereof provides that the arbitral tribunal may permit third parties to join the arbitration if they are parties to the arbitration agreement, provided no party suffers prejudice and all parties, including the third party, are heard. Such joinder does not affect the tribunal\u2019s composition, and the tribunal may issue one or multiple awards covering all parties involved.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">If all parties do not agree to the intervention, the arbitral tribunal could still allow it provided that the intervening party successfully proves that the scope of the arbitration agreement somehow extends thereto (i.e., to the intervening party).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Interim measures are not exhaustively listed under Egyptian law. As such, a court or tribunal could order whatever interim relief is necessary for the intended purpose mainly revolves around the preservation of the status quo or the creation of a temporary situation where assets are preserved in a way that protects the applicant and prevents asset dissipation.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Local courts would issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal, provided that court is satisfied that there exists a real, imminent threat that needs to be addressed in a manner that does not affect the merits of the dispute.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions are not available and unenforceable in Egypt. The right to resort to litigation is considered a basic right under the constitution and, thus, a party can always file a court case before an Egyptian court. The defendant can, naturally, raise any and all jurisdictional, admissibility-related, and\/or merits related arguments that it may wish to raise.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Evidentiary matters<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> in arbitration under Egyptian law <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">are subject to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the same general framework as before national courts, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">which are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> governed by the Egyptian <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Evidentiary<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> Law No. 25 of 1968, unless the parties agree otherwise. The arbitral tribunal has discretion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ary power<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to assess the admissibility, relevance, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">value <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">of evidence, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">while considering the agreed upon evidentiary procedures<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, including <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">parties\u2019 agreement to apply <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">institutional rules such as the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">.<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Judicial <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">assistance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> may be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">sought<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> when coercive powers are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, as arbitrators themselves lack authority to compel<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW240413844 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">parties to produce evidence or appear as witnesses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">T<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">he Egyptian Bar Association Law No.17 of JY-1980 regulates the conduct of lawyers including the professional ethics, confidentiality, duty of honesty and integrity in addition to the requirement of informing the client (the party being represented by the counsel in the arbitration) with all the developments and procedures. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Furthermore, t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">he IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in International Arbitration <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">offer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234421972 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> guidance for counsel\u2019s ethical duties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Confidentiality of arbitration proceedings is recognized in the EAL. Thus, arbitral awards are confidential and may not be published without the consent of the parties.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">Also, this entails that arbitration proceedings also are covered by confidentiality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">These are seen by Egyptian courts as soft law instruments. Thus, Egyptian courts do take sources such as the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest into consideration when deciding on cases and frequently apply them. Egyptian courts also look at court rulings from other jurisdiction to see how other jurisdictions have interpreted and applied such soft law instruments.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A differentiation should be made in this respect between <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ad hoc<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> arbitration and institutional arbitration. In the latter, the relevant rules usually regulate the issue by providing for a set of rules for the estimation and allocation of the arbitration costs and fees. The EAL does not regulate this issue. As such, arbitral tribunals enjoy a wide level of discretion when allocating said costs. In case of <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ad hoc<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> arbitration, the parties usually agree on the fees and the expenses of the arbitrator which is to be divided among them until a final award is issued ordering the losing party to pay all the fees and expenses.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pre-award interest can only be included on the principal claim. With respect to costs incurred, interest can only start running from the date of the award.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Applications for security for costs are rarely granted in Egypt.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> Th<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ese are viewed <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">with caution by arbitral <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">tribunal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> and courts. During the proceedings, parties are expected to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">bear their own legal expenses and costs, with the possibility of recovering all or part of such expenses <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13648316 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">if \/ when they prevail at the end of the proceedings.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In Egypt, arbitral awards are subject to certain requirements to ensure their validity and enforceability. For instance, the award must be issued in writing and signed by the arbitrators; in the case of a multi-member tribunal, the signatures of the majority are sufficient, provided the reasons for any missing signature(s) are stated in the award. As to the reasoning of the award, the EAL states that the award must be reasoned unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The award must include the names, addresses, nationalities, and capacities of the parties and arbitrators. A copy of the arbitration agreement, a summary of the parties\u2019 claims, statements, and documents, the dispositive part of the award, and the date and place of issuance must be included in the award.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The party in whose favor the arbitral award was issued must deposit the original award or a signed copy thereof, along with an official Arabic translation if the award is issued in a foreign language with the competent court.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">An estimate <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">could be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">said to be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">10<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to 1<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">4<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> months. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">A party can bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">parte<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> basis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, provided that the EAL is applicable. If the EAL is not applicable, then the Egyptian Civil and Commercial Procedures Law would fill in the lacuna; it provides for the filing of a regular court case where the losing party is notified of the case so that it has an opportunity to attend the hearings and put forward its case. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15845253 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">The standard of review is the same for domestic and international awards.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">If <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Egypt is the seat of arbitration or the EAL is agreed by the parties to govern the arbitration proceedings <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">despite the latter taking place outside of Egypt, then the losing party may pursue a nullity action of the arbitration award <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in front of Egyptian courts. The grounds for nullity, as exhaustively laid out in the EAL, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">are limited to procedural irregularities. A nullity action of an award is filed in the same way a regular court case is filed in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Egypt<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> and the case is then heard in various court hearings until court<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">proceeds<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to issue its ruling. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Parties may validly waive the right to challenge an award by agreement, provided that such waiver is issued post-award.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244177921 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In Egypt, the legal power of an award is always limited to the parties of the arbitration. No third party or non-signatory can ever be bound by an award issued in arbitration proceedings to which said party was not a party. As such, third parties would have no standing to challenge the recognition of an award.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There have not been any court rulings or rules regulating or prohibiting third party funding of arbitration proceedings.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW261262169 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261262169 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Pu<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261262169 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">rsuant to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261262169 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the new CRCICA Arbitration Rules, emergency arbitration has become available. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261262169 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">Decisions made by emergency arbitrators undergo the same process for enforcement that awards issued by normal arbitral tribunals undergo.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW196490033 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196490033 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">No, there are no laws or rules that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW196490033 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">provide for<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196490033 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> simplified or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196490033 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">expedited<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196490033 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> procedures for claims under a certain value.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW121048820 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW121048820 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">We have not come across any such court <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW121048820 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">decisions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There have been no recent court decisions considering the issue of corruption. In the absence of specific provisions on the burden of proof, general legal principles apply. Hence, the party alleging corruption must provide evidence supporting its claim, as the burden rests with the party asserting a fact contrary to the origin.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60599968 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60599968 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">There have not been any court decisions with respect to this <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60599968 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">issue.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Arbitral tribunals have become more inclined to hold virtual hearings and to accept electronic submissions. This has helped cut expenses incurred by the disputing parties.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">There have not been any court decisions with respect to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">these<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> issue<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW57462206 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">13775<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/119684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}