{"id":119638,"date":"2025-11-12T14:26:22","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=119638"},"modified":"2025-11-13T09:19:51","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T09:19:51","slug":"china-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/china-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"China: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-119638","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-china"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">AllBright Law Offices<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2020\/10\/All-Bright-Offices-.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">AllBright Law Offices<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2020\/10\/All-Bright-Offices-.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in China<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"additional-information\"><p><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The article is for information only and shall NOT be relied on as legal advice.<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The article has been prepared by the authors for informational purposes only and shall not be treated as solicitation, advertising, or legal advice. Reading and\/or circulating the article is not intended to create an attorney-client relationship. The article shall be used only as general information and is not maintained by the authors\/AllBright Law Offices, thus may not reflect current legal and\/or legislative developments. Therefore, information in the article is not promised or guaranteed to be correct or complete. Online subscribers and\/or readers shall not rely upon the article for any purpose without seeking legal advice from a qualified lawyer in the relevant jurisdiction. The authors\/AllBright Law Offices expressly disclaim all liability, loss, or damage arising from or relating to any actions taken or not taken based on the article or any of its content.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are four different legal regimes in the People\u2019s Republic of China, i.e., mainland China, the Hong Kong SAR, the Macau SAR, and the Taiwan Province. In this article, the authors only discuss the law that applies to mainland China.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In mainland China (\u201cChina\u201d), there are a range of codified laws that apply to arbitration. The core legislation is the Arbitration Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China (the \u201cPRC Arbitration Law\u201d) along with the Interpretation of the Supreme People\u2019s Court on Certain Issues relating to Application of the Arbitration Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China (the \u201cInterpretation of the Arbitration Law\u201d).\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The current PRC Arbitration Law (the \u201cCurrent PRC Arbitration Law\u201d) was originally adopted on 31 August 1994 and took effect on 1 September 1995, with subsequent amendments in 2009 and 2017. On 12 September 2025, an amended version of the PRC Arbitration Law (the \u201cNew PRC Arbitration Law\u201d) was published and is scheduled to take effect on 1 March 2026. For the sake of completeness, this article will discuss and analyse both the Current PRC Arbitration Law and the New PRC Arbitration Law in China. Regarding the Interpretation of the Arbitration Law, the current version applies to the Current PRC Arbitration Law, and as of the date of this guide, no new version pertaining to the New PRC Arbitration Law has been published yet.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In addition, there are other judicial interpretations made by the Supreme People\u2019s Court of the People\u2019s Republic of China which apply to more detailed and specific areas relating to arbitration.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Yes, China is a Contracting State and has made two reservations. Firstly, China will apply the New York Convention (\u201cNYC\u201d), only on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State (reciprocity reservation). Secondly, China will apply the NYC only to disputes arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the mainland Chinese law (commercial reservation).<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">China has signed the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention) and the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (Singapore Convention on Mediation). China has also signed a series of judicial assistance treaties with a range of countries\/areas and some of which apply to the enforcement of the arbitral awards seated in the contracting countries\/areas.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">China is not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">a UNCITRAL<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\"> Model Law <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">jurisdiction<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">. One of the significant differences is that, in principle, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">mainland<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">Chinese<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">Law<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">does not recognize <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">ad<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">hoc<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\"> arbitration but only institutional arbitration. However, there are some exceptions for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">recognizing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\"> ad hoc arbitration in some specific regimes. Other <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\">differences<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210314737 BCX2\"> can be seen in issues relating to service, power of the court and the arbitral tribunal, interim measures, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are around 285 arbitration institutions (called arbitration commissions in most cases) as of the end of August 2025 in China. Quite a few of those institutions have amended their rules in recent years, and another round of revisions is expected to ensure that the rules align with the New PRC Arbitration Law.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current PRC Arbitration Law Article 16<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitration agreement shall include arbitral clauses stipulated in the contract and other written agreements that request arbitration to be made prior to or following the occurrence of a dispute.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitration agreement shall include the following:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) the expression of an application for arbitration;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) items for arbitration;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) the chosen arbitration commissions.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is an exception to the validity requirements for arbitration in China\u2019s Free Trade Zones \u2014 subject to the applicable preconditions, specifying an arbitration commission is not necessary.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is worth noting that: (1) Article 27 of the New PRC Arbitration Law stipulates that \u201cIf a party claims that an arbitration agreement exists when applying for arbitration, and the other party does not deny the claim before the first hearing, the arbitral tribunal shall offer hints, keep records, and deem that an arbitration agreement exits between the parties\u201d; (2) Article 82 of the New PRC Arbitration Law recognizes ad hoc arbitration in certain circumstances.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW267616645 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267616645 BCX2\">In principle, y<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267616645 BCX2\">es.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">Under <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">mainland Chinese<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\"> law, the validation principle may apply to the foreign-related or foreign arbitration agreements where the parties do not expressly agree on the governing law of the arbitration agreement<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">: <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">if there is a difference by applying the law at the place where the arbitration institution is located and by applying the law at the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">seat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\"> of arbitration, the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">mainland Chinese<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">c<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\">ourt<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42204199 BCX2\"> shall apply the law which will validate the arbitration agreement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under mainland Chinese law, a valid arbitration agreement requires an expression of clear intent to apply for arbitration. Courts thus tend to invalidate \u201carbitration or litigation\u201d clauses.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, should the intent of using arbitration be clear, even though litigation is also offered as an option, the arbitration clause in such a hybrid clause may be held valid by Chinese court. For example, in case (2020) Shanghai 01 Min Xia Zhong No.780, parties entered into an agreement which provided that any dispute or controversy arising from or in connection with this agreement shall first be resolved by arbitration through the Singapore International Arbitration Centre and if the parties are unable to agree on the outcome of the arbitration, either party may submit the dispute to the competent commercial court located at the domicile of Party A for litigation. Upon review, the Shanghai First Intermediate People\u2019s Court ruled that the arbitration provision was valid while the litigation provision was invalid.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Further, regarding asymmetric arbitration clauses, the mainland Chinese courts in practice have presented differing views. While in the recent case (2022) Beijing 74 Min Te No. 4, the parties had agreed that unless the Pledgee chooses otherwise, any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to the agreement shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by CIETAC; despite the foregoing clause, if the Pledgee chooses, the parties will submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of Cambodia. Upon review, the Beijing Financial Court held that, given that the Pledgee had already filed for arbitration with CIETAC and had expressly waived its right to bring a court action, the dispute-resolution clause constituted a definite and exclusive agreement to arbitrate, rather than an invalid \u201carbitration or litigation\u201d clause \u2014 and thus should be regarded as a valid arbitration agreement.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Interpretation of the Arbitration Law Article 9<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Where all or part of a claim or debt is transferred, the arbitration agreement shall be binding on the transferee, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, or unless the transferee expressly objects to the transfer or is unaware of the existence of a separate arbitration agreement at the time of the transfer.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In practice, some arbitration commissions also have their own rules on joinder of additional parties but require that the arbitration shall proceed only if and to the extent that it is satisfied, prima facie, that an arbitration agreement may exist, or all parties have agreed to arbitrate.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under mainland Chinese law, should it be a mainland case (the parties and subject matter are all mainland ones), the applicable law shall be the mainland Chinese law, i.e., the parties do not have the right to choose a foreign law.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For foreign-related cases, should no law applicable to the arbitration agreement have been specified by the parties, the law at the place where the arbitration institution is located or the law at the seat of arbitration may apply. In circumstances there is a difference by applying the aforementioned two laws, the law validates the arbitration clause shall apply.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In principle, the parties cannot choose foreign law as the governing law if the case is a purely mainland one (the parties and the subject matter are mainland ones).\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, in foreign-related commercial transactions, the parties may agree to apply foreign laws. Nevertheless, such a choice is still subject to certain limitations. As in some areas, mainland Chinese law is mandatorily applied even if the subject matters are foreign-related.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For example, as per Article 467 of the PRC Civil Code, Sino-foreign equity joint venture contracts, Sino-foreign cooperative enterprise contracts, and Sino-foreign contracts for the cooperative exploitation and development of natural resources which are to be performed within the territory of China shall be governed by mainland Chinese law.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recently, on 14 February 2025, the Supreme People\u2019s Court implemented the Reply by the Supreme People\u2019s Court on Issues Relating to the Validity of an Agreement on Choosing Hong Kong or Macao Laws as Applicable Laws to Contracts or on Choosing Hong Kong or Macao as the Seat of Arbitration by Hong Kong\/Macao-invested Enterprises Registered for Establishment in Cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, in which if one or both parties to a contract are Hong Kong SAR or Macao SAR invested enterprises registered in Shenzhen or Zhuhai within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, and the parties have agreed to apply the laws of the Hong Kong SAR or the Macao SAR as the governing law of the contract, the People\u2019s Court shall uphold such application upon review if it determines that such application does not violate mandatory provisions of national law and does not harm society\u2019s public interests.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current PRC Arbitration Law Article 13<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitration commission shall select as its arbitrators who are fair and upright.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitrator shall fulfil one of the following requirements:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) obtained legal professional qualification upon passing the national unified legal professional qualification examination, and has undertaken arbitration work for eight years;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) a full eight years as a lawyer;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) has served as a judge for eight years or more;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(4) involvement in legal research or teaching as well as holding a senior academic title;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(5) have acquired the knowledge of law, to have engaged in the professional work in the field of economy and trade, etc., and to possess a senior professional title or having an equivalent professional level.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitration commission shall prepare an arbitration register of names according to different specialization.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current PRC Arbitration Law Article 67<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">A foreign arbitration commission may have foreign arbitrators who are specialists in law, economics and trade, science and technology, etc.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is worth noting that:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 21 of the New PRC Arbitration Law expands the requirements for arbitrator from \u201cfair and upright\u201d to \u201cfair and upright, possess good professional qualities, be diligent and responsible, be honest and clean, and abide by professional ethics\u201d;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 22 of the New PRC Arbitration Law expands the third condition for arbitrator eligibility from \u201chas served as a judge for eight years or more\u201d to \u201chas served as a judge or public procurator for eight years or more\u201d;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 22 of the New PRC Arbitration Law expands the fifth condition for arbitrator eligibility from \u201chave acquired the knowledge of law, to have engaged in the professional work in the field of economy and trade, etc., and to possess a senior professional title or having an equivalent professional level\u201d to \u201chave acquired the knowledge of law, to have engaged in the professional work in the field of law, economy and trade, maritime affairs, science and technology, etc., and to possess a senior professional title or having an equivalent professional level\u201d.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 22 of the New PRC Arbitration Law specifies that public-office holders must comply with relevant laws when concurrently serving as arbitrators.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 22 of the New PRC Arbitration Law expands the circumstances in which foreign arbitrators may be engaged from \u201cforeign arbitration commissions may have foreign arbitrators who are specialists in law, economics and trade, science and technology, etc.\u201d to simply \u201carbitration institutions may appoint arbitrators from foreign persons with specialized knowledge in law, economic and trade, maritime and admiralty, science and technology, etc.\u201d.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In practice, arbitration commissions may also make further stricter restrictions.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\">No express codified law on this issue. There were some cases in which PRC courts set aside and\/or refused enforcement of the arbitral awards on the ground that arbitrators were not <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\">independent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102243109 BCX2\"> or impartial.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current PRC Arbitration Law Article 34<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitrator shall be withdrawn from the case and the parties concerned shall have the right to request such withdrawal for any of the following reasons:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) the arbitrator is a disputing party or an immediate relative of the parties to the case or their agents;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) the arbitrator has a personal interest in the case;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) the arbitrator has some other relationship with the parties to the case or their agents which may affect the case to be arbitrated fairly;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(4) the arbitrator has had private meetings with the parties concerned or their agents, or has accepted gifts or has attended banquets provided by the parties concerned or their agents.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similar provisions in New PRC Arbitration Law Article 46<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In practice, arbitration commissions may also have further stricter rules and set forth detailed procedural rules regarding such challenges.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Yes. New PRC Arbitration Law Article 45<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">If an arbitrator falls under any circumstance that may cause the parties to reasonably doubt his or her independence or impartiality, the arbitrator shall disclose the circumstance in writing to the arbitration institution in a timely manner.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Such duty is also generally mentioned in the arbitration rules of quite a few arbitration commissions in China, and some arbitration commissions have issued a code of conduct in this respect.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per mainland Chinese law, the arbitrator may bear legal responsibilities and be removed from the panel of arbitrators by the arbitration commissions if the situation is serious that the arbitrator has conducted some misconducts, private meetings with the parties concerned, committed bribery or favouritism or perverted the law in making the arbitral award etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">An arbitrator may also commit the Crime of Perverted Arbitration if the arbitrator seriously makes any wrongful ruling purposely in violation of the facts and laws in the activities of arbitration and may be sentenced to imprisonment.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current PRC Arbitration Law Article 20<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">If a party challenges the validity of the arbitration agreement, the party may request the arbitration commission to make a decision or request the People\u2019s Court to make a ruling. If one party requests the arbitration commission to make a decision and the other party requests the People\u2019s Court to make a ruling, the People\u2019s Court shall give a ruling.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is worth noting that Article 31 of the New PRC Arbitration Law expressly empowers the arbitral tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction as below:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">If a party challenges the validity of the arbitration agreement, the party may request the arbitration institution or arbitral tribunal to make a decision, the party may also request the People\u2019s Court to make a ruling. If one party requests the arbitration institution or arbitral tribunal to make a decision and the other party requests the People\u2019s Court to make a ruling, the People\u2019s Court shall give a ruling.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">If the parties have concluded an arbitration agreement and one party <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">submits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\"> the same dispute to the People<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">s Court, the People<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">s Court shall not accept the case, unless the arbitration agreement is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">null and void<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118472193 BCX2\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,335551547,&quot;2057&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;3&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;3&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">L<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ocal courts cannot compel participation. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">If the respondent <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">fails to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> appear before the hearing without justified reasons after having been notified in writing or leaves the hearing prior to the conclusion of the hearing without the permission of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">arbitral tribunal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW173914866 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">, a default award may be made.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204389173 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204389173 BCX2\">No express codified law in this regard. Some arbitration commissions have made the relevant rules. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW204389173 BCX2\">G<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW204389173 BCX2\">enerally speaking, without<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204389173 BCX2\"> express agreement among all parties, the tribunal cannot compel third-party <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204389173 BCX2\">to join arbitration.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Interim measures:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per the civil procedural rules under mainland Chinese law, parties may apply for property preservation, evidence preservation, and conduct preservation when appropriate.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under the Current PRC Arbitration Law, there is no express provision of interim measures except for property preservation and evidence preservation. In mainland cases, if a party applies for such preservation in accordance with mainland Chinese law, arbitration commissions shall transfer the party\u2019s application to the competent court (the arbitral tribunal has no power to make the order). Meanwhile, in foreign or foreign-related cases, the arbitral tribunal may make the decision pursuant to the specific rules made by the arbitration commission of those interim measures that are not expressly provided by law. Recently, in a foreign-related dispute case administered by Beijing Arbitration Commission, an order for interim measures granted by the arbitral tribunal has successfully obtained a preservation ruling and an enforcement ruling rendered by Beijing Fourth Intermediate People\u2019s Court.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under the New PRC Arbitration Law, injunction is expressively included in the scope of preservation measures and in urgent circumstances, a party to an arbitration agreement may apply to the court for property preservation, injunction, or evidence preservation before filing the arbitration.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under mainland Chinese law, there are no statutory anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions, and, in general, the courts generally refuse to recognize the anti-suit injunction issued by courts\/tribunals in other legal regimes. Though in practice, courts may also issue rulings with similar effects.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">No particular rules and local courts cannot compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Several Provisions of the Supreme People\u2019s Court on Evidence for Civil Actions (Amended in 2019) may be applied to arbitration proceedings as a general reference.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The New PRC Arbitration Law Article 55 provides that an arbitral tribunal may request the relevant authorities to assist in collecting evidence.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For lawyers, there are laws and regulations such as the Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China on Lawyers, which stipulates the professional ethics of lawyers in principle. The local lawyers\u2019 associations also have their own rules to regulate the ethics of lawyers.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For arbitrators, apart from those mentioned in Questions 14, 16, 17 and 18, there is no expressed ethical codes\/standards. However, many arbitration committees have developed their code of conduct for arbitrators.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current Arbitration Law Article 40<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The arbitration shall be conducted in private. If the parties agree to conduct arbitration in public, the arbitration may be public unless state secrets are involved.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similar in New Arbitration Law Article 52, which adds the exceptional circumstances of \u201ctrade secrets of others, or personal privacy\u201d in addition to \u201cstate secrets\u201d.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In practice, arbitration commissions may have more detailed rules in this regard.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,335551547,&quot;2057&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;3&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;3&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">Some principles of the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">also seen <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in the PRC Arbitration Law (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">for instance, duty of disclosure for arbitrators in New PRC Arbitration Law<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170582173 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">). In practice, arbitration commissions may also have more detailed rules that incorporate content from these soft law sources.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">In principle, when the claimant\/respondent files its claims\/counterclaims, the arbitration commission will calculate the estimated fees as per the institution\u2019s arbitration rules and the claimant (or the <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">respondent<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> in case of the counterclaim) shall pay the whole arbitration fees from the very beginning without prejudice to the tribunal\u2019s ruling of costs in the final arbitral award.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pre- and post-award interests are allowed.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">No expressed codified law, but as per most of the institutional arbitration rules, the Claimant shall pay the whole arbitration fees from the very beginning without prejudice to the tribunal\u2019s ruling of costs in the final arbitral award.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For arbitration administered by mainland arbitration institutions and seated in mainland, the award shall specify the arbitration request, the facts in dispute, the reason for the award, the result of the award, the burden of the arbitration fee, and the date of the award. The award shall be signed by the members of the tribunal (those with dissenting opinions can choose to sign or not) and stamped by the arbitration institutions. However, if the parties agree that they do not wish to specify the facts in dispute and the reasons for the ruling, such sections can be left out in the award.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">To file an application for recognition or enforcement of an award, a party shall at least submit: (i) the written application; (ii) the original arbitral award or the certified copy thereof (if the award is a foreign one, a duly authenticated copy is required); (iii) the original arbitration clause or arbitration agreement or the certified copy thereof; and (iv) the foregoing documents shall be accompanied by a certified Chinese translation should they are in a foreign language.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Also see answers under Question 31.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">As for the timeframe, it may vary and depends on a series of factors, including but not limited to the type of the arbitral award, whether the opponent party raises an objection, the workload of the court, etc. Normally, it will take several months, at least.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">After accepting the application made by an applicant regarding the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award, the court will send out notice to the opponent party.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The standards of reviewing whether the court should refuse enforcement would be different for mainland awards, foreign-related awards, arbitral awards seated in Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and Taiwan Province, and foreign awards as follows.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For mainland awards (i.e., parties, applicable laws, subject matters, and seat are all mainland Chinese ones):<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) the parties have neither included an arbitration clause in their contract, nor subsequently reached a written arbitration agreement;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) any matter decided in the award goes beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement or beyond the jurisdiction of the arbitration institution;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitration procedure did not conform to statutory procedure;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(4) the evidence used as a basis for rendering an award is fabricated;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(5) the other party to the case conceals important evidence, which is substantial enough to affect the impartial ruling by the arbitration institution; or<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(6) the arbitrator acts corruptly, accepts bribes or engages in malpractice for personal benefits or made an award that perverted the law.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(7) the enforcement of the award would be against the society\u2019s public interest.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For foreign-related awards (i.e. with seat in mainland China but some foreign-elements), HK SAR\/Macau SAR\/Taiwan Province arbitral awards, and foreign awards:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The standards are basically in line with Article V of the NYC. Those merits grounds for mainland awards (i.e., the above grounds (4), (5), and (6) for refusing enforcement of mainland arbitral awards) do not apply.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Besides, for the internal judicial review process of refusing enforcement, please see answers under Question 32.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under mainland Chinese law, arbitral awards cannot be appealed but can be set aside or refused to enforce. A party should apply to the competent courts for such a procedure.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Grounds:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For the grounds for refusal of enforcement, please see answers under Question 31.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The grounds of whether the court should set aside awards would be different for mainland awards and foreign-related awards (seated in mainland China with some foreign elements).<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:7,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:717,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For mainland awards:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) there is no arbitration agreement;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) the matters decided in the award exceed the scope of the arbitration agreement or are beyond the arbitral authority of the arbitration institution;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) the formation of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitration procedure was not in conformity with the statutory procedure;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(4) the evidence on which the award is based was forged;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(5) the other party has withheld the evidence which is sufficient to affect the impartiality of the arbitration; or<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(6) the arbitrators have committed embezzlement, accepted bribes or engaged in malpractices for personal benefits or perverted the law in the arbitration of the case.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(7) the arbitral award violates the public interest.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:7,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:717,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For foreign-related awards:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The grounds for refusing enforcement of foreign-related awards also apply to setting aside of foreign-related awards, i.e., basically in line with Article V of the NYC and except above grounds (4), (5) and (6), which only applying to mainland awards.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0d8\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:777,&quot;335559991&quot;:420,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Wingdings&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0d8&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Procedure:<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">After a party applies for challenging an arbitral award, if the court of the first instance thinks that the challenge should be dismissed, the court can rule directly. However, if the court thinks that the challenge should be upheld, it shall follow an internal judicial review process and report to the higher courts level by level.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For mainland arbitral awards, in principle, the decision-making power of the relevant judicial review shall be exercised by the High People\u2019s Court in the same jurisdiction, unless the ground for setting aside or refusing enforcement of the arbitral awards is the violation of public interests. If so, only the PRC Supreme People\u2019s Court has the decision-making power to confirm the ruling on the setting aside or refusal (where applicable).\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For foreign-related arbitral awards, HK SAR\/Macau SAR\/Taiwan Province arbitral awards, and foreign arbitral awards, for potential setting aside or refusing recognition\/enforcement, the lower court shall report to the higher court level-by-level and only the PRC Supreme People\u2019s Court has the decision-making power to confirm the ruling on setting-aside or refusing recognition\/enforcement (where applicable).<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">As for the waiver of rights of appeal or challenge by agreement, no express codified law.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Generally speaking, the tribunal does not have jurisdiction or power over non-parties and the award thus cannot bind third parties.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For mainland and foreign-related awards, a third party not involved in arbitration may apply to the court for non-enforcement of awards. However, it should be noted that, in general, a third party may not apply to the court for setting aside awards.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The non-enforcement application raised by a third party must meet the following conditions:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) there is evidence to prove the party to the arbitration case maliciously applies for arbitration or fictitious arbitration, undermining the legitimate rights and interests of that third party;\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) the enforcement of the subject matter involving the lawful rights and interests asserted by that third party has not yet been concluded; and\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) the application shall be filed within thirty days from the date when the third party gets to know or should have known that the court has taken enforcement measures against the subject matter.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">If the third party\u2019s application meets all the following conditions, the court shall uphold the application:\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(1) the third party is a holder of the rights or interests;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2) the rights or interests claimed by the third party are legitimate and true;<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(3) there is a fictitious legal relationship between the parties to the arbitration and the facts of the case are fabricated; and\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(4) part or all of the results concerning the handling of the civil rights and obligations of the parties concerned in the main text of the arbitral award are wrong, which damages the legitimate rights and interests of the third party.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Besides, there is no explicit provision on whether a third party may challenge a foreign arbitral award.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recently, the Beijing Fourth Intermediate People\u2019s Court made a decision on the application for setting aside an arbitral award involving third-party funding ((2022) Beijing 04 Min Te No. 368). In general, the court rendered that the third-party funding was not in violation of any current laws or the applicable arbitration rules.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are also rules of the arbitration commission that impose disclosure obligations on the parties involved when third-party funding is involved. For example, the CIETAC Arbitration Rules (effective as of 1 January 2024) stipulate the disclosure obligation of third-party funding.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">No expressed codified law (including the New PRC Arbitration Law) but some arbitration commissions have such rules. There was case applying the emergency arbitrator proceedings accepted by the Beijing Arbitration Commission in China (known as the GKML case), under which the interim measure granted by an <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">emergency<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> arbitrator obtained an enforcement order rendered by the High Court of the Hong Kong SAR Region Court of First instance.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\">No <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\">expressed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126010235 BCX2\"> codified law but most arbitration commissions have such rules and quite often used.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">For mainland arbitral awards (see also answers under Questions 31 and 32), there are some reported cases in which the arbitral award was set aside or refused enforcement on the ground that \u201cthe arbitrators have solicited or accepted bribes, abused power for personal gain, and rendered an unjust or wrongful arbitral award\u201d under mainland Chinese Law. As for the standard for proving, it is stipulated under mainland Chinese law that the foregoing situation refers to the conduct that has already been convicted by an effective criminal judgment or determined by a disciplinary decision. There is no specific expressed standard that applies to the burden of proving corruption in arbitration proceedings, therefore the general rules may apply, that is the burden of proof is borne by the claimant.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">No publicly reported case.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recently, some arbitration institutions have introduced AI to enhance efficiency in arbitration proceedings. For example, CIETAC has formulated the Guidelines on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Arbitration (Trial Implementation) in 2025 to regulate the use of AI.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mainland Chinese arbitration institutions have made efforts to promote the concept of virtual hearing (or semi-virtual hearing) or adopted a reduced fee schedule to support arbitration. For example, the Beijing Arbitration Commission has issued its guidelines on conducting the virtual hearing.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The New PRC Arbitration Law recognizes online arbitration as having the same legal effect as offline arbitration activities.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\">Guided by the philosophy promoted by President Xi that lucid <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\">waters<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\"> and lush mountains are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\">invaluable<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69918869 BCX2\"> assets, China advocates harmonious coexistence between humans and nature and sticks to the path of green and sustainable development.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The PRC Ministry of Commerce regularly updates the import and export control lists and issues countermeasure regulations.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per mainland Chinese law, where the People\u2019s Court decides that there have been a violation of public interest, it shall order to set aside the award\/refuse to recognize and enforce the award. However, there is no clear definition or scope of \u201cpublic interest\u201d under mainland Chinese law though Chinese courts usually adopt a strict and limited application of public interest.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">From a procedural perspective, in a case regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards decided by the Shanghai Financial Court ((2021) Shanghai 74 Xie Wai Ren No. 1), the court considered the sanction imposed by Chinese government on a barrister chambers where the arbitrator practiced and held that such a sanction was imposed after issuance of the award, did not constitute a violation of Article V of the NYC, and thus should not affect the recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">No expressed codified law in the context of international arbitration, but China has formulated plans and opinions, i.e., the New-generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan (Guo Fa [<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">2017<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">] No. 35) and Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Implementation of the \u201cArtificial Intelligence Plus\u201d Initiatives (Guo Fa [2025] No. 11) released by China\u2019s State Council, and the Opinions of the Supreme People\u2019s Court on Regulating and Strengthening the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Fields (Fa Fa [2022] No. 33), to promote the application of artificial intelligence in the judicial fields in China.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">10256<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/119638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}