{"id":119492,"date":"2025-11-11T17:55:20","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T17:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=119492"},"modified":"2025-11-18T17:02:31","modified_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:02:31","slug":"romania-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/romania-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Romania: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-119492","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-romania"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Zamfirescu Racoti Vasile &#038; Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/zamfirescu-racoti-vasile-partners.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Zamfirescu Racoti Vasile &#038; Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/03\/zamfirescu-racoti-vasile-partners.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Romania<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The main body of law governing arbitration is included in the Romanian new Code of Civil Procedure which came into force on February 15 2013 (further herein referred to as \u201cRCPC\u201d). Book IV of the Code of Civil Procedure (\u201cOn Arbitration\u201d) regulates national arbitration and also represents the general set of provisions applicable to international arbitration whenever the parties have not agreed on certain aspects in the arbitration agreement and have not vested the arbitral tribunal with settling those aspects either, while Title IV of Book VII sets out specific legal provisions regarding international arbitration and the effects of foreign arbitral awards.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The arbitration law includes mostly non-mandatory provisions, as a reflection of the principle provided for in the Code of Civil Procedure that parties are free to organise arbitral proceedings as they deem fit. However, parties\u2019 freedom is subject to observing public policy, a couple of mandatory provisions and ethics. For instance, in ad hoc arbitration organised by the parties themselves, they are free to agree rules regarding the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, removal of arbitrators, the timing and seat of the arbitration, the procedural rules to be applied by the arbitral tribunal (including potential preliminary proceedings), the allocation of costs and any other rules that may govern the arbitration, subject to public policy, mandatory provisions of law and ethics. There are a few mandatory rules, for instance certain validity requirements of the arbitration agreement, regarding the written form of the arbitration agreement or the authenticated form of the arbitration agreement in arbitrations regarding the transfer of the ownership right over an immovable asset. The law also imposes certain fundamental principles related to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">due process <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a fair trial <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">from which no derogation is permitted (e.g., the parties shall be ensured equal treatment, the right to defence and a reasonable opportunity to present their case).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romania ratified the New York Convention in 1961 by means of Decree no. 186\/1961 which came into force on July 24 1961.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romania reserved the right to apply the convention only to:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another contracting state or, for the awards made in non-contracting states, only subject to reciprocity, namely to the extent to which those states grant reciprocal treatment.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disputes arising from legal relationships \u2013 whether contractual or not \u2013 that are considered commercial under the national law.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Since 1963, Romania is a party to the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (Geneva, 1961) and since 1975, Romania became a party to the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As well, Romania has signed multiple bilateral <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">investment treaties<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> providing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for settlement of disputes <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">inter alia<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> by arbitration<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">..<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW229339891 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229339891 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\">Romania does not have a UNCITRAL Model Law-based legislation; however, the institutions within the newly enacted legislation follow the lines and spirit of UNCITRAL Model Law, but a specific analysis of each provision would have to be performed <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW229339891 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\">in order to<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229339891 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\">determine<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229339891 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Normal (Web)\"> the exact influence of the Model Law.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The main <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romania<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n arbitral institution<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> is the Court of International Commercial Arbitration attached to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> (\u201cCICA\u201d)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, which also coordinates the activity of the courts of arbitration attached to the regional chambers of commerce and industry, each county in Romania having such a chamber of commerce and industry.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Court of International Commercial Arbitration (further herein referred to as \u201cCICA\u201d)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CICA<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> has its own set of rules of arbitration. However, these rules <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">provide that <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they are<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> supplemented with the ordinary provisions of the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">RCPC<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CICA<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">last <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">amended its rules on 1 January 2025.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">The most notable changes set remote hearings and party-appointed experts as default rules (previously, experts were, as a rule, appointed by the arbitral tribunal), introduce disclosure of third-party funders, clarify the procedure for challenging arbitrators and experts, streamline case management and set clearer boundaries between the written and oral phases of arbitration proceedings. With the revised rules, CACI has also revised its fee scales by increasing the costs of CACI arbitration proceedings.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romania does not have a specialist arbitration court.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Under Romanian law, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">an arbitration agreement <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in order to be valid <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">an arbitration agreement <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">must be concluded in writing. However, the RCPC sets a broadly construed \u2018written form\u2019 requirement for arbitration agreements, to the effect that an agreement to arbitrate may be reached following an exchange of correspondence (irrespective of its form \u2013 such as exchange of letters, emails, faxes, electronic means of communication etc.) or an exchange of procedural acts (after the commencement of arbitral proceedings \u2013 e.g., in a situation where the claimant files a request for arbitration and the respondent does not contest jurisdiction in its answer).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As an exception, Art. 548 RCPC provides that an arbitration agreement should be authenticated by a notary public if it refers to disputes regarding the transfer of ownership rights or other rights in rem over an immovable asset. Non-compliance with this formal requirement leads to the absolute nullity of the arbitration agreement.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Article 550 RCPC expressly provides for the separability of arbitration clause, to the effect that the validity of the arbitration clause is independent from the validity of the contract comprising it.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">In international arbitration with seat in Romania, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the arbitration agreement is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">valid if it satisfies the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">substantive <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">validity requirements under one of the following laws: (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">) the law agreed by the parties<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> to govern the arbitration agreement<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">; (ii) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the law governing the subject matter of the dispute; (iii) the law applicable to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW109465190 BCX2\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109465190 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the contract containing the arbitration clause; or Romanian law.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The case law on validity of asymmetric arbitration clauses is too limited to provide clear guidance. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In fact, w<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hile courts have <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">strived to take an<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> arbitration-friendly approach, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">concerns have been raised as to whether <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">arbitration clauses giving freedom to choose <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">between arbitration and litigation<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> when the dispute arises <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can be considered <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">binding in the first place.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a rule, Romanian law does not allow for an arbitral tribunal to assume jurisdiction over individuals or entities that are not part of an arbitration agreement.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:300,&quot;469777462&quot;:[450],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">RCPC provides that third parties may take part in arbitral proceedings following the general civil procedure rules on this aspect, but only if such third party and all the parties agree. Only an accessory joinder claim &#8211; meaning a third party bearing an interest voluntarily joins an ongoing procedure to support one of the parties\u2019 positions &#8211; is admissible even in the absence of the consent of all the other parties. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:300,&quot;469777462&quot;:[450],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to CACI\u2019s arbitration rules of 2025, unless the additional party is party to the arbitration agreement, even the accessory joinder claim is admissible only in case all the parties agree.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:300,&quot;469777462&quot;:[450],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Matters such as the extension of the arbitration clause to non-signatories, either following the direct involvement in the negotiation and\/or performance and\/or termination of a contract comprising an arbitration clause under the doctrine of the &#8216;group of companies&#8217;, or other issues of debate in international arbitration regarding the ambit of the arbitration agreement, are subject to debate according to case law, but are not addressed in any way by Romanian law. Conventional and legal successors of signatories are generally bound by the arbitration agreement.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:300,&quot;469777462&quot;:[450],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">With regard to substantive validity, RCPC provides that the arbitration agreement is valid if it satisfies the requirements under one of the following laws: (i) the law agreed by the parties to govern the arbitration agreement; (ii) the law governing the subject matter of the dispute; (iii) the law applicable to the contract containing the arbitration clause; or Romanian law. Romanian courts are bound to apply this provision in matters where the substantive validity of an international arbitration agreement is disputed.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In all other regards, arbitration agreements are governed by the law chosen by the parties. Failing such choice, courts usually determine the law applicable to the arbitration agreement as either being the law where the arbitration award was or is to be made, or as the law governing the contract, in case of arbitration clauses contained in contracts. The latter interpretation has gained acceptance mainly in legal writings. The validity of arbitration agreements with reference to the capacity of the parties is governed by the law applicable to the respective parties.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The arbitral tribunal applies the substantive law designated by the parties. If no law has been designated, the arbitral tribunal applies the law that it deems appropriate in light of the elements of the dispute. In all cases, the arbitral tribunal shall take into account the trade usages and professional rules.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">An arbitrator can decide\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ex aequo et bono<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> only if the parties have expressly authorised him or her to do so.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The RCPC does not provide for certain qualifications required to be an arbitrator<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> but stipulates that parties may determine in the arbitration agreement such qualifications to be met by the arbitrator.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to the RCPC, any natural person with full capacity to exercise his\/her rights may act as an arbitrator, without any other criteria like citizenship or residence needing to be met. Foreigners and former judges may be appointed as arbitrators. Active judges cannot be arbitrators due to the restrictions imposed by the law governing their activity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The RCPC provides that local courts, namely the tribunal whose jurisdiction covers the seat of the arbitration, may intervene in the selection of arbitrators by appointing an arbitrator or the presiding arbitrator in cases where the parties do not agree on the appointment of the sole arbitrator or a party fails to nominate an arbitrator or in the case of a three-panel arbitral tribunal, when the two arbitrators do not agree on whom they should appoint as presiding arbitrator. The local courts render a decision regarding the appointment of the arbitrators after hearing the parties. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The parties may agree on a procedure for challenging the appointment of an arbitrator and replacing the arbitrator, including by reference to a set of arbitration rules. For example, if the arbitration agreement provides for institutional arbitration, the rules of the arbitral institution will govern the whole procedure and \u2013 in the majority of cases \u2013 will cover any issues related to the challenge or replacement of arbitrators.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In the absence of the above, the rules detailed below comprised in the RCPC will apply. The parties may apply to the local court (tribunal) in whose jurisdiction is the seat of the arbitration to rule on the challenge and\/or removal of arbitrators. According to article 562 RCPC, an arbitrator may be challenged in cases of incompatibility, namely in case he finds himself in one of the situations of incompatibility provided for judges in the RCPC (for example, the arbitrator previously expressed his opinion in relation to the solution in the dispute he was appointed to settle, there are circumstances which justify the doubt that he, his spouse, his ancestors or descendants have a benefit related to the dispute, his spouse or previous spouse is a relative of maximum the fourth degree with one of the parties etc.) or for the following reasons which cast a doubt on the arbitrator\u2019s independence and impartiality:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"0\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he does not meet the qualifications or other requirements regarding arbitrators provided in the arbitration agreement;\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a legal person whose shareholder the arbitrator is or in whose governing bodies the arbitrator is bears an interest in the case;\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the arbitrator has employment relations or direct trade links with one of the parties, with a company controlled by one party or that is placed under common control with the latter;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the arbitrator has provided consultancy to one of the parties, assisted or represented one of the parties or testified in one of the earlier stages of the case.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CICA Rules provide very similar grounds for challenge.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to article 563 RCPC, the challenge against the appointment of an arbitrator is to be adjudicated within 10 days by the local courts, namely the tribunal whose jurisdiction covers the seat of the arbitration, after hearing the parties and the concerning arbitrator. The decision of the local courts is in writing, does contain reasons and is not subject to appeal.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\">Both under the RCPC and CICA rules, the arbitrator <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\">is required to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\"> be independent, impartial and to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\">disclose<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\"> any conflicts of interest. In common with other <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\">jurisdictions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147899609 BCX2\">, Romanian law does not explicitly define these concepts, but merely provides for the general principle, the case law being left to consider these matters on a case-by-case basis, depending on the circumstances of the case.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Arbitrators are generally immune from liability in respect of decision making, considering their power to assess the case according to their \u201cintimate conviction\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Article 565 RCPC provides that arbitrators are to be held liable for the damage incurred as a result of their following actions:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"0\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">withdrawal from serving (abandoning their duty as arbitrators) in the case without justified reason;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">failure to participate in the adjudication of the case without a justified reason;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">failure to render the award within the established time limit;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">failure to comply with the duty of confidentiality;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"-\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335551671&quot;:0,&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1440,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;-&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">breach of their other duties, intentionally or by reckless negligence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Article 53 of the CICA Rules provides that the arbitrators shall not be liable to any of the parties for any action or omission in connection with the arbitration, unless such action or omission is due to their wi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">l<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lful misconduct or gross negligence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, to our knowledge, no claims for holding liable an arbitrator were ever filed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The principle of competence-competence is fully recognised under Romanian arbitration law. Once a dispute has been referred to arbitration, the arbitral tribunal is competent to decide on its own jurisdiction \u2013 and will do so even if identical disputes are pending before the courts or other arbitral tribunals, except if the arbitral tribunal finds it appropriate to suspend the proceedings. Further, the arbitral tribunal\u2019s ruling on jurisdiction may not be challenged before the courts during the arbitral proceedings, but only by means of a claim to set aside the arbitral award.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A state court vested with a dispute in respect of which an arbitral agreement has been concluded will check its own competence and will declare it lacks competence if at least one of the parties invokes the existence of the arbitration clause. In case of a domestic arbitration, the court will decline its jurisdiction to the arbitral institution mentioned in the arbitration agreement or will reject the<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> the<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> claim as not being of the Romanian state courts\u2019 competence in case of ad hoc arbitration. In case of an international arbitration, the court will admit the lack of competence plea and will reject the claim as not being of the Romanian state courts\u2019 competence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The court will retain its jurisdiction in settling the dispute only in three exceptional situations, namely:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if the respondent has submitted its defence without invoking the existence of the arbitration agreement;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if the arbitration clause is null or inoperable;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">if the arbitral tribunal cannot be constituted from causes clearly attributable to the defendant in the arbitration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Neither the arbitral tribunal nor the local courts can compel the parties to arbitrate or third parties to participate in arbitration proceedings. Once a dispute has been referred to arbitration, the arbitral tribunal can examine the case and render an award irrespective of whether one or both parties participate in the proceedings. In order to ensure a fair trial, the parties must only be duly notified of the arbitral proceedings, their actual participation in the proceedings being entirely their choice.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Failure of one party, although duly notified, to attend the hearing shall not prevent the progress of the proceedings, unless the absent party submits a request to the arbitral tribunal for adjournment of the hearing on solid grounds.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW219376985 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW219376985 BCX2\">According to article 581 RCPC, third parties may take part in arbitral proceedings following the general civil procedure rules on this aspect <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW219376985 BCX2\">comprised<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW219376985 BCX2\"> under articles 61-77 RCPC, but only if such third party and all the parties agree. Only an accessory joinder claim &#8211; meaning a third party bearing an interest voluntarily joins an ongoing procedure to support one of the parties\u2019 positions &#8211; is admissible even in the absence of the consent of all the other parties.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">During the arbitration proceedings the arbitral tribunal may grant, at the parties\u2019 request, protective measures<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and interim relief, as well as ascertain matters of fact. Interim measures may be freezing measures on goods, provisional measures or conservatory measures regarding evidence (acknowledgement of matters of fact, that is). <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The local tribunal whose jurisdiction covers the seat of the arbitration may grant protective measures and interim relief, at the parties\u2019 request, before or during the arbitral proceedings. Since a similar order for protective measures or interim relief issued by the arbitral tribunal is not enforceable under Romanian law, the courts play a significant role in obtaining such measures and are preferred by the parties for the reason that the courts issue enforceable decisions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a rule, each party has the burden of proof with respect to its claims, allegations and defences..<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> According to the default procedural rules, the parties have to indicate the evidence on which they intend to rely\u202fon and submit documentary evidence early in the proceedings. The RCPC provides that the arbitral tribunal can adopt a procedural timetable for the taking of evidence in the proceedings. However, in practice, the presentation and taking of evidence is done in accordance with the applicable arbitration rules and a procedural timetable established in the proceedings. \u00a0 <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The most common means of evidence are documents, expert reports and witness statements. Romanian legal tradition also includes parties\u2019 interrogatories administered to determine a party make admissions, which are a separate means of evidence. However, interrogatories are used only in domestic arbitration, and in international arbitration administered by the local arbitral institutions, such as CACI. \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0A particular rule in arbitration is that witnesses are not heard under oath, as it would happen before a local court. The arbitral tribunal does not have any powers to compel the witnesses or experts who refuse to appear before the arbitral tribunal or to apply any sanctions. For any such measures necessary for the taking of evidence, the arbitral tribunal or the parties (after leave from the arbitral tribunal) may seek assistance from the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">local court (tribunal) at the seat of the arbitration.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The arbitral tribunal can also order a party to produce evidence in its possession. As well, the arbitral tribunal might request written information to public authorities regarding their documents and actions, but in case the public authority refuses to comply with such a request and submit the information, the parties or the arbitrators have recourse to local courts to request the enforceable court\u2019s order for production of documents. The local courts might also play a role in acknowledging certain matters of fact prior or during the arbitration proceedings such as the state of certain assets, the statement of a certain witness where there is urgency due to the risk the evidence might get lost.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a matter of principle, the rules on evidence are flexible when it comes to international and domestic arbitration. The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence tend to become a generally accepted standard in practice.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Counsel are subject to the strict ethical obligations under Romanian law regulating lawyers\u2019 practice, the statute of legal profession <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and by the Charter of Core Principles of the European Legal Profession and Code of Conduct for European Lawyers adopted by The Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Regarding arbitrators, there is no specific body of law or rules regarding their ethical standard.\u202fHowever, both the Code of Civil Procedure and CICA rules of arbitration provide several obligations of the arbitrators during their office such as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">confidentiality, impartiality, observance of the applicable deadlines etc<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Failure to observe some of these obligations might trigger the arbitrators\u2019 liability, as detailed above. As well, in practice, the parties may agree that the IBA Rules of Ethics for International Arbitrators might apply.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The are no default rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings in Romania. The matter of confidentiality is left to the parties\u2019 agreement or choice of arbitral institution. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,335551547,&quot;2057&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in international arbitration and the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest are well rece<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">ived and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">frequently<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> applied <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75530085 BCX2\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in international arbitration proceedings seated in Romania.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Firstly, when filing a request for arbitration a fixed registration fee is generally required.\u202fWith respect to the arbitrators\u2019 fee, a computation of such fee is made under the CICA rules according to an algorithm stipulated in the schedules of arbitral fees and expenses depending on the value of the claim, there being rules on how to determine the value of the claim when such a claim is not financial.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to the RCPC, The arbitral tribunal may provisionally estimate the costs of arbitration at the outset of the proceedings and request both the parties to advance or deposit the amounts in question in an amount split equally between the parties. With regard to the advance for the arbitrators\u2019 fees, the RCPC provides that the parties may be ordered to pay them jointly, which implies that any of the parties may be invited to advance the entire amount of the estimated arbitrators\u2019 fees, without prejudice to the final allocation of the costs at the end of the proceedings. =<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The default rule governing the final allocation of costs in domestic arbitration that costs follow the event, unless the parties agree otherwise. Costs are allocated in proportion to the relative success of the winning party if the party has only partially succeeded.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The default rule provided by the RCPC for international arbitrations is that, unless the parties agree otherwise, each party shall bear the fees and expenses of its appointed arbitrator or, if the dispute is referred to a single arbitrator, they shall split the cost equally. Of course, if the parties agree to arbitrate under the purview of an arbitral institution, it will apply its own set of rules regarding the estimation and allocation of costs. Therefore, usually in such international arbitration proceedings the allocation of costs is done in accordance with the rule costs follow the event, and the default rule provided in the RCPC rarely applies.\u202f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\">The RCPC does not expressly recognise the possibility to apply for security for costs. However,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\">under the major arbitration rules used for international arbitration <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\">seated in Romania<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\"> security for costs is availab<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\">le and can be granted<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79124814 BCX2\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Domestic arbitral awards (including awards rendered in international arbitration proceedings seated in Romania) are treated and enforced in the same way as court decisions whereas foreign arbitral awards are subject to recognition and enforcement proceedings before the Romanian courts. In order to be granted the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award, the parties must comply with certain formal requirements \u2013 they must file a request to this effect before a competent court and attach legalised or apostille certified copies of the translated award and arbitration agreement. The court vested with hearing a request for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award is prohibited from reviewing the merits of the dispute, its examination being limited to the grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement, as set out in the RCPC. The grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of the foreign award provided in the code follow those established in the New York Convention.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:300}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">With respect to the duration of the procedure for the recognition and enforcement of an award, generally, this procedure takes 1-1 and a half years.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The request filed in order to obtain the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award is settled by the court following the subpoena of the parties that participated in the arbitral proceedings. The court may review the application on <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ex parte<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> basis only if it follows from the arbitral award that the respondent agreed with the claim being admitted.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:993,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Domestic arbitral awards are treated and enforced in the same way as court decisions whereas foreign arbitral awards are subject to recognition and enforcement proceedings before the Romanian courts.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Arbitral awards cannot be appealed. The only available remedy to challenge an award is a set aside claim which may be filed on the following grounds (the list is exhaustive): <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the dispute was non-arbitrable;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the arbitration agreement did not exist or was invalid or ineffective;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the constitution of the arbitral tribunal was not in accordance with the arbitration agreement;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the party requesting the setting aside of the award was not duly notified of the hearing when the main arguments were heard and was absent when the hearing took place;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the arbitral award was rendered after expiry of the time limit, even though at least one party submitted its intention to object to the late issuance of the award and the parties opposed the continuation of the proceedings after expiry of the time limit;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the award granted something which was not requested (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ultra petita<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">) or more than was requested (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">plus petita<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">);<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the award failed to mention the tribunal\u2019s decision on the relief sought and did not include the reasoning behind the decision, the date and place of the decision or the signatures of the arbitrators;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the award violated public policy, mandatory legal provisions or morality;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">subsequent to issuance of the final award, the Constitutional Court has declared unconstitutional the legal provisions challenged by a party during the arbitral proceedings or other legal provisions included in the challenged piece of legislation that are closely related to and inseparable from those challenged.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1080],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Certain reasons for setting aside an arbitral award may be deemed waived if they are not raised before the arbitral tribunal at the start of the process (particularly those relating to the jurisdiction and constitution of the arbitral tribunal).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It should be noted that the set aside claim against an award does not allow the court to analyse again the merits of the dispute. Violation of rules of public policy represents a ground for setting aside, as noted above, but the merits of the case cannot be reviewed by the court judging the action for annulment as the proceedings are limited to verifying whether the award respects fundamental principles of law.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The request to set aside the arbitral award may be filed within one month of service of the award on the parties, unless the request is grounded on the subsequent issuance of the Constitutional Court, where the time limit is three months after publication of that court\u2019s decision. Certain reasons for setting aside an arbitral award may be deemed waived if they are not raised before the arbitral tribunal at the start of the process (particularly those relating to the jurisdiction and constitution of the arbitral tribunal).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The jurisdiction to settle the set-aside claim belongs to the court of appeal of the county where the arbitration took place.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In case the set aside claim is admitted, the ruling is subject to a higher appeal which shall be adjudicated by the High Court of Cassation and Justice. In case the set aside claim is dismissed in the first tier of jurisdiction, the majority of the case-law deems the higher appeal inadmissible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the one hand, the situations mentioned above with respect to non-signatories being bound by the arbitration agreement should be borne in mind.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the other hand, in case a third parties\/ non-signatory did not even take part to the arbitration proceedings, they cannot be bound by the award unless they are successors of the parties of the arbitral proceedings bound by the award.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The request filed in order to obtain the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award is settled by the court following the subpoena of the parties that participated in the arbitral proceedings. Therefore, usually, third parties cannot challenge the recognition of an award.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Third-party funding of arbitration proceedings is not regulated under Romanian law.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A notable development that indicates the increased acceptance of third-party funding in international arbitrations connected to Romania is that the revised arbitration rules adopted on 1 January 2025 by the main home-based arbitral institution CICA include a provision on third-party funding subject to appropriate disclosure of third-party funders being made in the proceedings. We are not aware of any court decisions addressing the matter of third-party funding in Romania.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Despite lack of coherent procedural framework for emergency arbitrator relief in the RCPC, emergency arbitrator relief is currently recognised in Romania.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In fact, the rules of the home-based arbitral institution CICA include emerge<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CICA Rules provide for the appointment of an emergency arbitrator within 48 hours, who renders a resolution (Romanian: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">incheiere<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">) within 10 days. provide that a procedural order issued by the emergency arbitrator shall be binding upon the parties when rendered. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As the RCPC does not expressly refer to emergency arbitrator proceedings it also does not determine the legal regime of the decisions made by the emergency arbitrator. Notably, RCPC also does not clarify whether decisions on interim measures are enforceable. The prevailing view at the moment is that the decisions of the emergency arbitrators are not enforceable in Romania. However, there are isolated instances where such decisions have been \u2013 at least indirectly \u2013 enforced after being confirmed by the court, and the case law may evolve towards wider acceptance of the enforceability of emergency arbitrator decisions in the future.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CICA Rules provide for special rules for expedited arbitration, applicable where the amount of the dispute is lower than RON 50,000 (approx. EUR 10,000) or when the parties agree to apply these rules. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There have been no notable case law developments with regard to setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa. Romanian courts are unlikely to recognise an award set aside by a competent court in another jurisdiction, as this is a ground for refusing recognition and enforcement of awards in Romania. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We are not aware of any recent court decision considering the issue of corruption in non-criminal cases. However, according to the general rule applicable, the party alleging issues of corruption bears the burden of proof.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romania is home to the Micula saga, in which investors are currently seeking to enforce an intra-EU BIT award, which is considered to be in conflict with EU law. After a partial satisfaction of the award, Romania is currently seeking to recover the amounts paid with interest through forced execution and conservatory measures. Recently, local courts have annulled administrative decisions related to the conservatory measures instituted by the tax authorities in relation to the recovery procedures. However, according to public records, the reasons of annulment concern procedural errors and are unrelated to the EU-law conflict.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Another notable reported development involving Romania is that in a decision dated 30 September 2025 an ICSID tribunal refused to summarily dismiss a \u20ac500 million claim of the insurance group Eurohold against Romania, reserving a decision on this issue.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The revised arbitration rules adopted on 1 January 2025 by the main home-based arbitral institution CACI include provisions providing for remote hearings as the norm under the new rules, and greater acceptance of electronic exchanges.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There are no notable recent developments in Romania with regard to disputes on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sustainability, social responsibility<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and\/or human rights<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Taking into account the published decisions and records, the articles and any other information publicly available, we are not aware of any recent decisions in Romania considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Romanian legislation does not yet address the use of artificial intelligence, neither at a general level, nor in the specific case of arbitral proceedings. However, at EU level, there is a Regulation regarding Artificial Intelligence Act, meant to regulate all aspects like development, placement on the market and use of AI systems.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:924,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">10499<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/119492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}