{"id":119318,"date":"2025-11-12T14:26:19","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=119318"},"modified":"2026-02-12T08:41:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T08:41:34","slug":"austria-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/austria-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Austria: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-119318","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-austria"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Knoetzl<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/12\/KNOETZL_Logo_Black.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Knoetzl<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2019\/12\/KNOETZL_Logo_Black.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Austria<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If the seat of the arbitration is in Austria, the arbitration proceedings will be governed by Austrian arbitration law. This is contained in the Fourth Chapter of the Austrian Code of Civil Procedure (ACCP) (Sections 577\u2012618 of the ACCP). Austrian arbitration law grants the parties extensive autonomy in determining the conduct of the arbitration. Accordingly, the ACCP contains only very few mandatory legal provisions providing that certain mandatory guarantees are respected (eg, the right to be heard, equal treatment of the parties)..<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austria has ratified the New York Convention without reservation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austria has ratified the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1927 (the Geneva Convention), the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration 1961 (the European Convention), the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID Convention) and a number of bilateral investment treaties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Since 2006, the legislation governing arbitration in Austria has been largely based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (the \u201cUNCITRAL Model Law\u201d), with only a few minor deviations.<\/p>\n<p>However, unlike the UNCITRAL Model Law, the Austrian Arbitration law does not distinguish between domestic and international arbitration and applies to all arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Vienna International Arbitral Centre (VIAC) is the leading international arbitral institution in the SEE and CEE region having its seat in Vienna. A new version of the VIAC Rules of Arbitration and Mediation 2021 entered into force on 1 January 2025. The rules apply to all proceedings that commenced after 31 December 2024.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) has a regional office in Vienna.<\/p>\n<p>The International Chamber of Commerce also maintains a direct presence through its Austrian National Committee.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian law provides for direct recourse to a specialized chamber of the Austrian Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof, or OGH) as the first and final instance in proceedings relating to the nomination or the challenge of arbitrators and to the setting aside of arbitral awards.<\/p>\n<p>As regards enforcement proceedings, the competence for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards remains with the district courts, generally at the place where the debtor or the assets are located.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 581(1)\u202fACCP requires that an arbitration agreement must identify the parties, the legal relationship involved, and indicate the parties\u2019 intention to submit their present or future disputes to arbitration. Section 583 ACCP sets the form requirements: the agreement must be in writing, either in a document signed by the parties or in an exchange of communications between the parties, provided that the means of communication allows for a record of the agreement, such as email. If the form is not met, this can be cured by participating in arbitration without objection.<\/p>\n<p>For shareholder disputes, the Austrian Supreme Court recently held that each shareholder must have consented to the arbitration agreement in the company\u2019s articles of association, which must also grant them certain participation rights in the proceedings. The VIAC provides a special Model Arbitration Clause corresponding to the requirements recently determined in a decision of the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The doctrine of separability is recognised by Austrian courts. Accordingly, the arbitration agreement remains valid even if the contract is null and void or terminated, unless this was not the intention of the parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, Austrian courts apply a pro-arbitration, or &#8220;validation,&#8221; approach to arbitration agreements, interpreting agreements to uphold their validity and enforceability if the applicable national law would support this approach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Asymmetric arbitration clauses are not explicitly mentioned in the Austrian Code of Civil Procedure (ACCP). Teir validity depends on a case-by-case assessment of the individual arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As a rule, only signatories are bound to the arbitration agreement under Austrian law. However, there are exceptions mainly pertaining to legal successors of a party (eg, in cases of death of a party, corporate mergers or divisions) or singular succession (eg, the assignment of a contract or a receivable). Under certain circumstances, arbitration agreements may also bind insolvency administrators.<\/p>\n<p>Further case law has established that an arbitration clause can bind third-party beneficiaries and can extend to all partners in a corporate partnership if this was so intended by the parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian arbitration law does not provide rules to determine the law applicable to the arbitration agreement. The Austrian Supreme Court applies the conflict-of-laws rule contained in Article V (1) lit a of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the \u201cNew York Convention\u201d) in order to determine the law applicable to the arbitration agreement outside the context of enforcement proceedings. Accordingly, the Austrian Supreme Court applies the law selected by party agreement. Such choice of law may also be agreed implicitly. A choice-of-law clause in the main contract may also extend to the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, the Austrian Supreme Court has recognised the separate legal nature of an arbitration agreement and has emphasised that it is appropriate to determine the law applicable to an arbitration agreement on a case-by-case basis. In the absence of a choice of law, the law of the seat of the arbitration governs the arbitration agreement (see, for example, OGH 3 Ob 153\/18y).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The law applicable to the substance of a dispute shall be determined by the parties. Pursuant to paragraph 603 ACCP, the arbitral tribunal must decide the dispute in accordance with the provisions of law as chosen by the parties. Failing any designation of the applicable statutory provisions or rules of law by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the statutory provisions it considers appropriate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian law mandates that arbitrators are required to be independent and impartial (see\u202fsection 588\u202f(1)\u202fACCP). Accordingly, a prospective arbitrator must disclose any circumstances that are likely to give rise to doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence, prior to accepting an appointment. The obligation to disclose such circumstances remains upright throughout the arbitral proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>Under Austrian law, parties are free to agree on the procedure for appointing arbitrators. The only limitation under Austrian arbitration law is that the arbitral tribunal must not consist of an even number of arbitrators, and that sitting Austrian judges are not allowed to act as arbitrators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Courts only intervene upon the application of (one of) the parties to support the arbitral process. This is usually the case if no other default procedure was agreed upon. A party can then request the Austrian Supreme Court to appoint an arbitrator if the other party fails to do so, or if no agreement can be reached regarding the appointment of an arbitrator. This also applies to multiparty arbitrations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 588(2) ACCP provides that an arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to his or her impartiality or independence, or if the arbitrator does not fulfil the qualifications agreed upon by the parties. The standard is the objective point of view.<\/p>\n<p>Austrian law provides for a default procedure if the parties have failed to agree on a challenge procedure (eg, by reference to institutional rules). The challenging party is required to submit a written challenge to the tribunal explaining the reasons for the challenge. If a challenge pursuant to an agreed challenge procedure (eg, contained in institutional rules) is unsuccessful before the tribunal, the challenging party can make an appeal to the Austrian Supreme Court within four weeks upon receipt of the decision of the arbitral tribunal. The option to appeal to the Austrian Supreme Court in these cases is mandatory and may not be waived. The arbitrator may also resign, or parties can agree that the challenged arbitrator will be removed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Austrian Supreme Court has recently set aside an arbitral award, after a co-arbitrator failed to disclose the continuing engagement for one of the parties (OGH 18 OCg 3\/24a). Prior to accepting an appointment, the prospective arbitrator must disclose any circumstances that are likely to give rise to doubts concerning their impartiality or independence. The obligation to disclose such circumstances is ongoing throughout the arbitral proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, under Austrian law, arbitrators are not immune from civil liability. According to Section\u202f594\u202fACCP, they can be held liable if they refuse to perform their duties or delay the proceedings without justification. In exceptional cases, they may also be liable for damages caused by procedural errors or if an arbitral award is set aside due to their unlawful and negligent conduct. Exemptions from liability are often foreseen in institutional rules, such as in Art 46 (1) of the VIAC Rules and prevail to the extent that the damage was not caused intentionally or grossly negligent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principle of competence-competence is enshrined in section 592(1) ACCP, which gives the arbitral tribunal the prerogative of deciding on its jurisdiction. Arbitral tribunals have the obligation to decide on their own jurisdiction. Courts may only review the arbitrators\u2019 decision on jurisdiction in subsequent annulment proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If a court action involving a matter that is subject to an arbitration agreement is initiated, the court must dismiss the claim, unless either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the other party enters into the merits of the dispute without raising jurisdictional objection; or<\/li>\n<li>after an objection has been raised, the court finds that the arbitration agreement does not exist or is incapable of being performed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If a respondent fails to participate, the arbitration can proceed and an award may be rendered, as long as the respondent was properly notified (Section 600 ACCP). Austrian courts do not compel participation but ensure due process is followed. If the respondent was not properly informed or was prevented from presenting their case, they may later challenge the award.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Austrian arbitration law, third parties can only join the proceedings if all parties consent, either expressly or by reference to arbitration rules allowing joinder. Without unanimous consent, the arbitral tribunal cannot allow third-party intervention. Forcing a third party to join without consent would violate their rights under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 14 of the VIAC Rules contains a specific provision on joinder of third parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian arbitral tribunals have broad powers to grant interim measures to protect claims or prevent harm (Section 593 ACCP). The arbitrators\u2019 powers to issue interim measures does not exclude the competence of the courts to issue interim measures. Pursuant to Section 585 ACCP, a court may, at the request of a party, grant interim or protective measures before and even during pending arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>It is broadly acknowledged that arbitral tribunals seated in Austria have the power to issue anti-suit injunctions. There is no published Austrian court decision dealing with an injunction by arbitrators enjoining parties to refrain from initiating, halting or withdrawing litigation proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian arbitration law does not impose specific rules on evidence. Unless the parties agree otherwise (e.g., by adopting the IBA Rules), the arbitral tribunal is free to take and assess evidence as it sees fit (Section 599 ACCP) provided that due process is followed and no mandatory laws provide otherwise. Tribunals will often take guidance on the IBA Rules even if they have not been agreed.<\/p>\n<p>Tribunals may appoint experts and hear witnesses but cannot compel witness attendance. If needed, local courts can assist in obtaining evidence and can compel witnesses or parties to appear or produce documents upon request of the arbitral tribunal or a party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The conduct of the legal profession in Austria is subject to the Code of Professional Conduct for Lawyers (Rechtsanwaltsordnung), as well as to numerous EU regulations. Although none of these expressly refer to international arbitration, it is common practice to apply them also in arbitral proceedings. Lawyers must not make allegations they know to be false. Foreign lawyers acting in arbitrations seated in Austria are not bound by Austrian professional ethics rules but are generally understood to be bound by the ethics rules of their respective home jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian arbitration law does not contain any explicit provisions on the confidentiality of arbitral proceedings. While arbitral proceedings are private, there is no provision obliging the parties to keep the arbitral proceedings confidential (including pleadings, documents, and the award). If confidentiality is desired, the parties are advised to agree on confidentiality in the arbitration agreement or elsewhere, such as in the terms of reference or a similar document.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>When deciding on challenges to arbitrators, or assessing the arbitrator\u2019s independence and impartiality, the Austrian Supreme Court will frequently take guidance from the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration. The standard applied by the Austrian Supreme Court is similar to that applied by leading arbitral institutions when deciding on challenges to arbitrators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian civil procedure will generally allocate costs based on the \u2018loser pays\u2019 rule. This is in part reflected in section 609 ACCP, which requires arbitral tribunals to decide on the reimbursement of costs considering the circumstances of the case, including the outcome of the proceedings. Generally, interest on the costs may be claimed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Austrian arbitration law does not contain a provision explicitly granting arbitral tribunals the power to order security for costs. However, this power is understood to be implied in the competence of an arbitral tribunal to award preliminary or interim relief and in the fact that Austrian courts may order security for costs if the enforcement of the cost decision is seriously impaired (ie, due to the lack of enforceability of a judgment abroad).<\/p>\n<p>The Vienna Rules contain a specific provision granting an arbitral tribunal the power to order security for costs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral awards must be in writing, state the date on which it was rendered, specify the seat of arbitration, and be signed by the arbitrator(s). In arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision taken by the arbitral tribunal are usually made by majority unless the parties agree otherwise. Awards must be reasoned (substantiated), unless the parties waive this requirement. If not all arbitrators sign, the reason for the absence of the arbitrator\u2019s signature must be explained.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Regarding recognition and enforcement, Austrian law distinguishes between domestic arbitral awards (with the seat of arbitration in Austria) and foreign arbitral awards (with the seat of arbitration outside Austria). Domestic arbitral awards are, by law, deemed to have the same effect as a final court judgment.<\/p>\n<p>If the arbitration was seated outside Austria, the award must first be formally recognised and declared enforceable. The enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Austria is fast and efficient. Enforcement proceedings are conducted ex parte. The enforcement application must be made to the competent district court. The declaration of recognition and enforcement may usually be obtained within several weeks. A decision on the enforcement of an arbitral award may be appealed by the award debtor within four weeks or, if the debtor has its seat abroad, within eight weeks after the decision has been served. Under certain circumstances, an appeal to the Austrian Supreme Court is possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>An arbitral award cannot be appealed but only challenged (ie, set aside under Austrian Law). This is the only and exclusive recourse against an award rendered in an arbitration with seat in Austria. The grounds are exhaustively listed in section 611 ACCP:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a valid arbitration agreement does not exist, or the arbitral tribunal has denied its jurisdiction despite the existence of a valid arbitration agreement, or a party was under an incapacity to conclude a valid arbitration agreement under the law governing its personal status;<\/li>\n<li>a party was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings, or was unable to present its case for other reasons;<\/li>\n<li>the award deals with a dispute not covered by the arbitration agreement, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the arbitration agreement or the pleas of the parties; if the default concerns only a part of the award that can be separated, only that part of the award shall be set aside;<\/li>\n<li>the composition or constitution of the arbitral tribunal was not in accordance with a provision of the arbitration law or with a permissible agreement of the parties;<\/li>\n<li>the arbitral proceedings were conducted in a manner that conflicts with the fundamental values of the Austrian legal system (procedural ordre public);<\/li>\n<li>the requirements according to which a court judgment can be appealed by an action for revision under section 530 paragraph (1) numbers 1\u20135 CCP have been met (note that these grounds for revision relate to the circumstance that the decision was based on a fraudulent action or a forged document, or a criminal verdict that has since been reversed, and that the three-month time period to file the action for setting aside does not apply to this ground);<\/li>\n<li>the subject matter of the dispute is not arbitrable under Austrian law; or<\/li>\n<li>the arbitral award conflicts with the fundamental values of the Austrian legal system (substantive ordre public).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Under Austrian law, parties cannot agree to exclude the right of recourse against an award.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, only the parties to the arbitration agreement are bound by an arbitration award. Austrian jurisprudence and scholarly writings are restrictive when it comes to an arbitration agreement having binding effects on non-signatories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Only in the recent years, third party funding has become an established practice in Austria. There are no specific laws that regulate third party funding in Austria. However, in a landmark decision in 2013 the Austrian Supreme Court has endorsed its admissibility for civil litigation and arbitration under Austrian law.<\/p>\n<p>Rules and regulations regarding the professional conduct of lawyers in Austria prohibit lawyers from working on a contingency fee basis only. The reason lies in a lawyer\u2019s duty of independence to avoid any conflict of interest in case a funder is involved. These rules have to be taken into account in the funding agreement. There is no disclosure requirement for the party that is funded. However, the Vienna Rules provide in Art 13a (1) for disclosure of the funder, but not the funding agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>It is available only in case that the institutional rules provide for emergency arbitrator rules. As the emergency arbitrator relief is usually made in form of an order, not an award, such decision will not constitute an enforceable title.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Austrian arbitration law does not provide for expedited procedure but respects any party agreement on an expedited procedure. The VIAC offers expedited proceedings under the Vienna Rules with both parties\u2019 consent, setting shorter deadlines and requiring a final award within six months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If an award rendered in an arbitration with seat in Austria is set aside, the award is null and void under Austrian law. The decision will no longer have res judicata effect and may be retried. Regarding foreign awards, the effects depend on the applicable law and the international treaty governing its recognition and enforcement. A decision was rendered by the Austrian Supreme Court based on the European Convention under which the enforcement of a foreign award that had been set aside in Belarus was granted as the court found that the reasons for setting aside were violating public policy and thus not compatible with the fundamental values of the Austrian legal system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Austrian arbitration law, corruption is regarded as a violation of public policy (\u201cordre public\u201d). Therefore, if corruption is proven, it may lead to the annulment or refusal of enforcement of an arbitral award under Section 611(2)(8) of the ACCP and Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no recent court decisions with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In 2024, the VIAC, one of the leading European arbitral institutions, launched its Legal Tech Think Tank (VIAC LTTT). The VIAC LTTT, which aims to identify technology-related disputes that are suitable for arbitration. It has also issued guidelines for the use of AI by parties and arbitrators in VIAC arbitrations.<\/p>\n<p>In a 2020 Austrian Supreme Court ruling, it was declared that conducting arbitral hearings remotely via videoconference was in line with due process requirements, even if a party to the arbitration objects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Also in Austria, commercial disputes regarding ESG are projected to increase in the wake of the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive formally adopted by the European Council in May 2024, also leading in arbitration to disputes about new responsibilities related to the implementation of this Directive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, Austria, in line with EU law, has implemented international sanctions regimes, particularly those under Regulation (EU) 833\/2014 related to Russia. Notably, arbitration proceedings involving sanctioned Russian entities are considered an exception to the general prohibition on engaging with such entities.<\/p>\n<p>As of June 20, 2024, new rules introduced a requirement to obtain authorization to provide legal services to Russian entities. In Austria, this authorization is granted by the Ministry of Justice. However, there remains legal uncertainty at the EU level about what exactly qualifies as \u201clegal services\u201d in the arbitration context\u2014especially when it comes to pre-dispute advice.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, these measures and exceptions allow arbitration proceedings and the enforcement of arbitral awards involving Russian parties to continue, though with some regulatory hurdles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;5aff61d3-d427-5897-a576-fedee8c2103c|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;180&quot;,201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wText&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335551550,&quot;6&quot;,335551620,&quot;6&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;265cde33-c292-5fde-8fee-3722d0400839|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;MS Mincho&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman,MS Mincho&quot;,268442635,&quot;22&quot;,469775450,&quot;wText Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;wTextChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,335551547,&quot;1036&quot;,469777929,&quot;wText&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">In April 2025, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">the VIAC<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> LTTT issued a Note on the Use of AI in Arbitration Proceedings. The Note intends to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">provide guidance on<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\"> the use of AI <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">by parties and arbitrators <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">in the context of VIAC arbitration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"wText\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW68211266 BCX8\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559685&quot;:357,&quot;335559739&quot;:180,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">4953<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/119318","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119318"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}