{"id":117912,"date":"2025-11-12T14:26:33","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=117912"},"modified":"2025-11-12T14:26:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:33","slug":"sudan-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/sudan-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Sudan: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-117912","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-sudan"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Omer Ali Law Firm<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2023\/10\/Omer-Ali-Firm-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Omer Ali Law Firm<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2023\/10\/Omer-Ali-Firm-Logo.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Sudan<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The legislation which applies to arbitration in Sudan is the Arbitration Act 2016 (the \u201cArbitration Act\u201d), which is applicable to both local and international arbitration. Under section 7 of the Arbitration Act an arbitration is considered an international arbitration if: (i) the headquarters of the business of the arbitration parties\u2019 is located in two different countries; (ii) the subject matter of dispute under the arbitration agreement is connected to more than one country.<\/p>\n<p>There are two areas where there are mandatory laws on arbitration. The first is the Sale of Assets Mortgaged to Banks Act 1990, which makes it mandatory to refer any dispute regarding assets mortgaged to banks to arbitration. The second is the Labour Act 1997, which provides that a dispute between an employer and all or a group of its employees (i.e. collective agreement) shall be referred to arbitration if such dispute could not be resolved through negotiation or conciliation. However, these are special arbitration regimes for which each of the two pieces of legislation referred to sets specific rules, with no reference to the Arbitration Act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Sudan is signatory to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. It deposited its instrument of accession to the Convention with the UN Secretary General on 26 March 2018, and in accordance with Article XII (2) of the Convention, the Convention entered into force in Sudan on 24 June 2018, thus Sudan becoming the 159th Contracting State to this Convention.<\/p>\n<p>There are no reservations to the general obligations of the Convention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>(i) Beside the New York Convention, Sudan is also a Contracting Party to the Riyadh Arab Agreement for Judicial Cooperation 1983, which regulates recognition and enforcement of arbitration awards and court judgments among Contracting Parties. This regional Convention is signed by 18 Arab countries.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) The Encouragement of Investment Act 2021 provides for the settlement of disputes involving foreign investors under one of a host of international and regional treaties to which Sudan is a signatory. The Act provides that in case of a dispute regarding an investment, such dispute shall be referred to a specialised court, except disputes governed by one of the following treaties to which Sudan is a signatory, namely: (i) the Unified Agreement for the Investment of Arab Capital in Arab States 1980, (ii) the Agreement for Settlement of Investment Disputes among Arab States 1974, (iii) the Agreement for Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 1965, (iv) the General Agreement for Economic, Technical and Commercial Co-operation among Member States of the Islamic Conference 1977, and (v) any other agreement to which Sudan is party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Although there are certain areas of similarity between the Arbitration Act and the UNCITRAL Model Law, there are differences between the two. The main areas of difference are the following.<\/p>\n<p>(i) Under section 3 (1) of the Arbitration Act, the Act is applicable to any arbitration conducted in Sudan or abroad where the parties have agreed to be subject to the Act, whereas the Model Law limits the applicability of the Law only if the place of arbitration is in the territory of the enacting State with specific exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) The Arbitration Act provides that in case of a challenge to an arbitrator, the arbitration proceedings shall be suspended pending the court ruling; whereas the Model Law provides that in such case the arbitral tribunal (including the challenged arbitrator) may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award.<\/p>\n<p>(iii) The scope of the rules on interim measures are wider under the Model Law, compared to the Arbitration Act which simply refers to the domestic rules under the Civil Procedures Act 1983 without any elaboration. Those domestic rules are narrower compared with the rules under the Model Law. Also, there are no elaborate rules under the Arbitration Act on recognition and enforcement of interim measures as the case is under the Model Law.<\/p>\n<p>(iv) In case of a challenge to the tribunal\u2019s jurisdiction, the Arbitration Act provides that the tribunal shall make its ruling before hearing the case, whereas under the Model Law the tribunal may rule on the plea either as a preliminary question or in an award on the merits.<\/p>\n<p>(v) The Arbitration Act provides that in case there is no agreement on the language to be used in the arbitration proceedings, Arabic language shall be used, whereas the Model Law gives the arbitral tribunal the power to decide on the language to be used as default language.<\/p>\n<p>(vi) Under the Model Law the tribunal may decide the dispute ex aequo et bono or as amiable compositeur (i.e. to consider the dispute according to what is fair and just under the particular circumstances of the case, rather than strictly according to the rule of law), if so authorised by the parties; under the Arbitration Act this rule can be applied only if the parties authorise the arbitral tribunal to conciliate.<\/p>\n<p>(vii) The scope of definition of \u201cinternational arbitration\u201d is wider under the Model Law (Article 1 (3)) compared to the Arbitration Act (Section 7).<\/p>\n<p>There is no formal declaration or indication from the concerned authorities regarding any plans to reform the arbitration law in Sudan. However, from our private contacts we learned that there were internal discussions going on regarding introduction of certain changes to the Arbitration Act so that its rules be more in line with the UNCITRAL Model Law. Due to the current political instability and ongoing war in the country, no reform plans would be realistically expected in the short term.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no arbitration institutions in Sudan, other than a few local centers which provide limited facilities for domestic arbitrations. This is despite the fact that section 20 of the Arbitration Act provides that independent and specialised arbitration centers can be established by a licence from the Minister of Justice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specialist arbitration court in Sudan. Under the Arbitration Act, a dispute regarding an arbitration shall be referred to the competent court (i.e. the court which would have jurisdiction over the dispute if not referred to arbitration), and for arbitration cases outside Sudan the dispute shall be referred to Khartoum General Court unless the parties agree to refer it to another General Court in Sudan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the Sudanese law are:<\/p>\n<p>(i) It must be in writing. Section 8 of the Arbitration Act provides that an arbitration agreement must be in writing, otherwise it shall be null. Correspondence between the parties through various communication means shall be deemed as made in writing. Under Section 10 (1), an agreement among parties to a dispute before a court to refer their dispute to arbitration shall be deemed as an agreement made in writing.<\/p>\n<p><em>In Mohamed Abdalla Mohamed Effendi v Terhaga Engineering Trading Limited,<\/em> SC\/CA\/5\/2003, the Supreme Court ruled that an agreement to arbitrate must be clear and unambiguous and may not be inferred from reading between the lines; accordingly, an agreement to appoint an expert to examine accounts would not be considered an agreement to refer to arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>(ii) Capacity of the parties to enter into the arbitration agreement. Under section 3 (3) of the Arbitration Act no arbitration agreement shall be valid except for a party who has capacity to dispose of the right the subject of the dispute, and under section 42 (1) (b) of the Arbitration Act grounds for annulment (i.e. setting aside) of an arbitration agreement include, inter alai, lack of capacity of any one of the parties to the arbitration agreement at the time of concluding the agreement pursuant to the law governing such capacity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitration clauses are considered separable from the main contract. Section 6 (2) of the Arbitration Act provides that an arbitration clause shall be deemed an agreement independent from the other terms of the contract, and the invalidity, recession or termination of the contract shall not have any effect on the arbitration clause in the contract.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no reference in Sudanese law to the validation principle. Under section 21 of the Arbitration Act the validity of an arbitration agreement depends on one of two bases, namely (i) the agreement of the parties on the applicable law, (ii) in the absence of parties\u2019 agreement, the law determined by the arbitration tribunal as the law most related to the subject matter of the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no authority, whether legislative or precedent, regarding asymmetric clauses. However, applying general rules it could be argued that as far as the parties agreed to this arrangement it should be acceptable as a contractual arrangement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no provision in Sudanese law regarding third parties or non-signatories being bound by an arbitration agreement. Given that one of the grounds for annulment (setting aside) of an arbitration award under section 42 of the Arbitration Act is if there is no arbitration agreement, a non-party may apply for annulment of an award involving it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, there are no recent court decisions concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 21 of the Arbitration Act provides that the arbitral tribunal shall apply the substantive and procedural laws agreed upon by the parties in the arbitration agreement or arbitration clause; and where no such agreement exists, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the procedural and substantive rules which it deems suitable in the law which is most related to the subject matter of the arbitration, provided the parties are treated on an equal footing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally speaking, the arbitration parties are free as regards appointment of arbitrators. A restriction imposed by section 12 of the Arbitration Act is that the number of arbitrators shall be either one or a higher odd number, and if the parties fail to agree on the number of arbitrators the number shall be three, and under section 13 of the Arbitration Act an arbitrator shall not be a minor, interdict, declared bankrupt or charged with a crime involving honour or honesty .<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under section 14 (2) of the Arbitration Act, in case of refusal or failure of any of the parties to appoint the arbitrators or in case of the failure of the arbitrators to agree on a chairperson, such appointment shall be made by the competent court at the request of a party, and its decision shall be final.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The appointment of an arbitrator can be challenged under section 16 (1) of the Arbitration Act which provides that any of the arbitration parties may challenge an arbitrator if: (i) there arise circumstances which give rise to serious doubts regarding the arbitrator\u2019s impartiality or independence; (ii) the arbitrator becomes incapable of conducting arbitration proceedings, or if the arbitrator refrains from or discontinues from conducting the proceedings in such a manner as to cause unjustifiable delay in the proceedings and the parties fail to agree on removing the arbitrator. However, under section 16 (2), subject to the above, a party may not challenge an arbitrator appointed by it or in whose appointment it has participated, except for reasons it becomes aware of after the appointment was made.<\/p>\n<p>The procedures for the challenge are set out in section 17 of the Arbitration Act which provides that an application for the challenge shall be submitted by a party in writing to the competent court, showing the grounds for challenge within one week from the applicant\u2019s knowledge of the appointment of the arbitrator, or its knowledge of the grounds for challenge which arise in the course of the proceedings. If the challenged arbitrator does not step aside, the court shall make its decision as soon as possible at the request of a party and its decision to remove the arbitrator shall be final. Meanwhile, arbitration proceedings shall be discontinued.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In <em>Sudan Cotton Company v. Matcot International Trade Company Limited,<\/em> (674\/2014) the Supreme Court annulled the arbitration award on the ground, inter alia, that one of the arbitrators was the lawyer of one of the arbitration parties and accordingly he lost the characteristics of an arbitrator, namely impartiality, independence and integrity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no legislative provision or indeed court ruling on whether arbitrators are immune from liability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The principle of competence-competence is recognized in Sudan under section 6 (1) (b) of the Arbitration Act which provides that any of the parties may plea lack of jurisdiction on the basis of non-existence or nullity of an arbitration agreement or its non-inclusion of the subject matter of the dispute, and the arbitral tribunal shall rule on any challenge as regards the tribunal\u2019s jurisdiction before hearing the case.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In case a party commences litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement, the Sudanese courts are directed to dismiss the claim. Section 9 of the Arbitration Act provides that the court before which a dispute has been brought regarding which there is an arbitration agreement must dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction if the respondent challenges the court\u2019s jurisdiction before or at the time of making its response to the statement of claim, otherwise the respondent shall be deemed as having waived its right to challenge based on the arbitration clause. In <em>Direct Point for Technology v. New Zone Engineering<\/em>, SC\/CR\/2702\/2017, upon the claimant submitting its statement of claim, the respondent presented its defence, and after the claimant\u2019s comment, the court fixed a date for hearing, where the respondent challenged the court\u2019s jurisdiction on the basis there is an arbitration clause in the agreement between the parties. The court dismissed the challenge application holding that under section 9 of the Arbitration Act 2016 challenge on the basis of the existence of an arbitration clause must be raised before getting involved on the subject of the case, otherwise the right to challenge would be deemed waived.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 27 of the Arbitration Act provides that if a party fails to appear despite being notified without an acceptable reason, the arbitral tribunal may carry on with the proceedings at the request of the other party; however, such abstention shall not be taken as admission by the abstaining party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Sudanese law is silent on the issue of third parties voluntarily joining arbitration proceedings. However, applying general rules of law of contract, a third party may join arbitration proceedings only if the parties to the arbitration and the arbitration tribunal agree to such joining, and a fresh arbitration agreement is signed by all the parties involved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Rules regarding interim measures are set out in section 11 of the Arbitration Act which provides that any of the parties may apply for interim relief from the competent court before the tribunal is formed or from the tribunal after its formation, attaching thereto a copy of the arbitration agreement and a copy of the statement of claim. The competent court or the arbitral tribunal, as the case may be, shall make its orders pursuant to the interim relief provisions in the Civil Procedures Act 1983, and its order shall be final. Such orders shall be enforced by the competent court pursuant to the provisions of the Civil Procedures Act 1983, and its enforcement order shall be final.<\/p>\n<p>Sections 139 to 156 (inclusive) of the Civil Procedures Act 1983 set out the types of preliminary measures which a court, or an arbitral tribunal, can grant, which include: (i) power to arrest the respondent if there are grounds to suspect that he or she is about to leave Sudan, or dispose of or remove his or her property, pending his or her provision of a deposit or guarantee; (ii) power to attach property; (iii) injunction against waste, damage or alienation of property in dispute; (iv) injunction against breach of contract or cause of injury; and (v) appointment of receiver for the property in dispute. An injunction directed against a company shall be binding also on all its members and officials for whose personal acts the injunction is intended.<\/p>\n<p>Other than the interim measures explained above, there are no reference to anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions in Sudanese legislation or court\u2019 precedents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Evidence Act 1994 is the main legislation on rules of evidence in Sudan. However, this Act expressly provides that it is not applicable in cases of arbitration or conciliation unless the parties agree to it be applicable. In the absence of the parties\u2019 agreement to apply this Act, the matter is left to the arbitral tribunal under section 21 of the Arbitration Act, which provides that in case the parties have not agreed on the substantial or procedural laws governing the arbitration, the arbitral tribunal shall determine such laws. Section 28 of the Arbitration Act provides that a party may request the arbitral tribunal to summon any witness to be heard or any third party to present evidence. The arbitral tribunal, if it considers it necessary, shall refer to such request to the competent court, which shall enforce such request within the limits of its own jurisdiction. Under section 85 of the Civil Procedures Act 1983, the court may at any time, either of its own motion or on the application of any party, issue summons to any person whose attendance is required to give evidence or produce documents or other material objects producible as evidence; and if such person neglects or refuses to obey the summons, the court may, if it is satisfied that the person so summoned has failed to comply with it without lawful excuse or has intentionally avoided service, issue a warrant for the arrest of such person.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 15 of the Arbitration Act requires the arbitrator to accept his appointment in writing, and to disclose, in writing, if he has interest or if there are any circumstances which may raise suspicion on his independence or impartiality. Other than this there are no specific ethical codes or other professional standards applicable to arbitrators. As regards counsel, the Advocacy Act 1983 sets certain duties on the counsel, including: to exert maximum effort for the client\u2019s interest; to be bound by the rule of confidentiality; not to provide legal service to the client\u2019s opponent; not to buy the disputed rights directly or indirectly; the fees not to be a percentage or part of the disputed right or the outcome of the case; and return of documents, files and property to the client upon termination of the engagement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 37 of the Arbitration Act requires that the chairperson or any of the arbitrators shall keep the record of the arbitration proceedings for five years after conclusion of the arbitration proceedings, but the law is silent with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings. In practice, certain details of arbitration proceedings including names of the parties, arbitrators and facts are published if the matter is referred to courts for annulment and the case is published as part of case reporting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources are viewed by courts and tribunals as general guidelines and treated respectfully but not followed as binding rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 19 of the Arbitration Act provides that arbitrators\u2019 fees and their manner of payment shall be fixed in the arbitration agreement, or otherwise as fixed in a schedule attached to the Arbitration Act. The schedule sets the fees in a scaling form based on the amount of dispute. As regards allocation of legal costs, generally speaking the Civil Procedures Act 1983 provides that the cost shall be borne by the party against whom the judgment is made, unless the court decides otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>As regards pre- and post-award interest, in Sudan interest is considered illegal and unenforceable, because Section 110 of the Civil Procedures Act 1983 provides that a court in Sudan shall under no circumstance whatsoever make a decree ordering payment of interest on the principal sum adjudged, and also because the dominant view in Islamic legal literature is that any interest would be considered as usury (riba) disallowed under Islamic Shari\u2019a rules. Sudanese courts are directed to follow Islamic Shari\u2019a. Invalidity would be limited to the interest only and would not extend to the principal claim. A recent legislation introduced in May 2021 has excluded \u201cfinancial and banking business adopting the conventional system\u201d from this ban. Accordingly, if an award contains payment of interest, Sudanese courts will not enforce the part of the award on interest, except if the underlying transaction that is the subject of arbitration is regarding financial or banking business (including banking, insurance and capital markets transactions) adopting the conventional, as opposed to Islamic, system of finance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under section 140 of the Civil Procedure Act 1983, as part of the interim measures, the court may order the respondent either to deposit in court money or other property sufficient to answer the claim against him, or to furnish security for his appearance at any time when called upon while the suit is pending and until execution or satisfaction of any decree that may be passed against him in the suit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 31 of the Arbitration Agreement provides that the arbitral tribunal shall have due regard to the terms and conditions of the contract the subject of dispute, and the customs prevailing in the relevant industry. Under section 34 of the Arbitration Act the arbitral award must be (i) in writing, (ii) reasoned, (iii) dated, and (iv) signed by the arbitrators or the majority of the arbitral tribunal, and (v) the dissenting opinion, if any, shall be recorded in a separate document. Section 33 of the Arbitration Act requires that the award shall be made within the agreed time-frame or within six months from commencement of proceedings if no time-frame has been agreed to; however such term may be extended by agreement of the parties or as determined by the arbitral tribunal at the request of a party, which extension shall be final. In Sudan Cotton Company v Metcot International Trade Company Limited 674\/2014, the Supreme Court decided to set aside the arbitration award for several reasons including, inter alia, that the award was delivered after the expiry of the time fixed by law (six months) in the absence of parties\u2019 agreement on a timeframe for the proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Section 41 of the Arbitration Act provides that an arbitration award shall be final (subject to any correction, interpretation or review by the tribunal) and shall be enforced automatically or upon a written application to the competent court attaching an authentic copy of the award. Although this section does not say so expressly, it indicates that a party may bring a motion for enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis. Application for enforcement can be made only after two weeks from the date when the applicant becomes aware of the award, or from the date when the award is declared if the applicant has been properly given notice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitration awards can be appealed only on the ground of annulment (i.e. setting aside), under section 42 of the Arbitration Act for one of the following reasons: (i) there is no arbitration agreement or if the arbitration agreement is void or voidable or its term has expired; (ii) if a party was under complete or partial incapacity according to the law governing such party\u2019s capacity at the time of making the arbitration agreement; (iii) if a party could not present its case due to lack of proper notice as regards appointment of arbitrators, the arbitration proceedings or for any other reason beyond the party\u2019s control; (iv) if the award excludes application of the applicable law as agreed by the parties; (v) if the arbitrators were appointed in a manner contrary to law or the parties\u2019 agreement; (vi) if the award contains matters not within the scope of the arbitration agreement; however, if it is possible to separate the parts of the award within the scope of the arbitration agreement from those which are not within such scope, nullity can be as regards the parts not within the scope of the agreement; (vii) if the award or the proceedings were induced by nullity in a manner affecting the award.<\/p>\n<p>Application for nullity shall be made to the court of appeal, which may annul an award on its own motion if the award is contrary to public order in Sudan. Under section 43, application shall be made within two weeks from the date when the applicant became aware of the award, or the date when the award was declared if the applicant was given proper notice but failed to appear.<\/p>\n<p>There is no specific rule under the Sudanese law as to whether the parties may waive their respective right of appeal or challenge to an award by an agreement before the dispute arises. However, given that it is a general rule followed by Sudanese courts that the parties cannot bar a court from exercising its jurisdiction, such exercise being a matter of public policy, our view is that the parties may not waive such right.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As explained in 11 above, one of the grounds for annulment (setting aside) of an arbitration award under section 42 of the Arbitration Act is if there is no arbitration agreement; thus a third party may challenge the recognition of an award under this section. In theory a third party may challenge the recognition of an award if the award would have any negative effect on such third party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Sudan, there are no specific legislative rules or indeed any court decisions regarding third party funding in connection with arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Other than interim measures (see 23 above) there are no specific emergency arbitrator relief available in Sudan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, there are no arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in Sudan providing for simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have been no recent court decisions considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Sudan signed the UN Anticorruption Convention and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption. The Illegal and Suspicious Enrichment Act, 1989 provides for a department within the Ministry of Justice to receive reports and investigation regarding corrupt practices especially regarding public money.<\/p>\n<p>Recently the Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2021 was introduced, for the purpose of tackling and eradicating corruption on transactions with public entities.<\/p>\n<p>There have been no recent court decisions on corruption since the introduction of the recent Act in 2021, mainly due to the current political and security instability in the country.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, there have not been neither any recent court decisions in Sudan with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature, nor any pending decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no arbitral institutions in Sudan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No, there have been no recent developments with regard to disputes on climate change and\/or human rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The courts in Sudan would consider international sanctions if such sanctions are pursuant to international treaties\/agreements to which Sudan is party. A legislation on money laundering and the prevention of money laundering activities is \u201cThe Anti-Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism Act 2014\u201d, and a document entitled \u201cThe Regulatory and Control Rules for Banks and Financial Institutions regarding Combating Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Finance Crimes\u201d issued by the Central Bank of Sudan. Also, Sudan is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (\u2018MENA FATF\u2019), which, on its turn, is an Associate Member of the Financial Action Task Force (\u201cFATF\u201d). There have been no recent decisions considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>No. No such rules or regulations are in place.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">5708<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/117912","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}