{"id":117822,"date":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=117822"},"modified":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T14:26:30","slug":"luxembourg-international-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/luxembourg-international-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Luxembourg: International Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-117822","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-international-arbitration","jurisdictions-luxembourg"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Arendt &amp; Medernach<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/11\/White-Client-Testimonial-Instagram-Post-15.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Arendt &amp; Medernach<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2022\/11\/White-Client-Testimonial-Instagram-Post-15.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of International Arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Luxembourg<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As of 25 April 2023, a new Luxembourg arbitration law is in force and applies to agreements concluded after the entry into force of the new law. It modernizes provisions of the New Code of Civil Procedure (NCCP). Articles 1224 to 1249 of the NCCP are the main source of legislation, irrespectively to domestic and international arbitration. The legislation is essentially inspired by French arbitration law and the UNCITRAL Model Law.<\/p>\n<p>Most civil and commercial matters can be referred to arbitration. However, matters regarding divorces, the capacity of persons, legal separation of persons, or rights of absent people are excluded from arbitration <sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(1)<\/sup>. Furthermore, issues related to consumer and employment contracts as well as residential lease agreements are non-arbitrable <sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(2)<\/sup>. Regarding insolvency, Luxembourg legislation provides that initiation of insolvency proceedings does not affect arbitration agreements, but parties cannot arbitrate disputes arising out of insolvency proceedings themselves <sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(1)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (*The authors would like to thank Kilian Tranchant, Associate, for his assistance in updating this Report. 1 Article 1224 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(2)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (2 Article 1225 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(3)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (2 Article 1225 NCCP.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg ratified the New York Convention through the Law of 20 May 1983 approving the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. The Law entered into force on 25 June 1983.<\/p>\n<p>Luxembourg made the following declaration: \u201cThis Convention is applied on the basis of reciprocity to the recognition and enforcement of only those arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Besides the New York Convention, Luxembourg is a party to the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration of 21 April 1961 (Geneva Convention), which has been ratified by Luxembourg by the law of the 26 November 1981 approving the Geneva Convention and its annex and has entered into force on 23 December 1981.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding international investment arbitration, Luxembourg ratified the Washington Convention on 30 July 1970 through the law of 8 April 1970 approving the Convention on the settlement of investment disputes between States and nationals of other States signed in Washington on 18 March 1965. The law entered into force on 13 May 1970. Furthermore, Luxembourg, typically within the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU), entered into over 100 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs).<\/p>\n<p>Luxembourg withdrew from the ECT with effect from 17 June 2024 <sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(4)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>As an EU Member State, Luxembourg also benefits from the investment protection agreements and the investment chapters of free trade agreements concluded by the EU and third countries, such as Canada, Singapore, and Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(3)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (See Luxembourg, M\u00e9morial A, No 454, 26 July 2023)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two? Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The new Luxembourg arbitration law is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law and on French law. We have not identified any significant differences between provisions of the NCPC and the UNCITRAL Model Law. Some sections of the Luxembourg arbitration law, such as on the Composition of Arbitral Tribunal, are nearly identical to the UNCITRAL Model Law.<\/p>\n<p>The Parliament of Luxembourg voted to modernise Luxembourgish arbitration law in March 2023 and as of 25 April 2023, the new Arbitration Law is in force. The modernised provisions of the NCCP bring Luxembourg\u2019s legislation closer to the French Arbitration Law currently in force and take inspiration from the UNCITRAL Model Law. It thereby makes arbitration in Luxembourg more efficient, flexible and attractive. The new law establishes a transition period and applies to arbitration agreements concluded after 25 April 2023. As a result, it does not apply to arbitration agreements concluded before this date, provided that the parties do not agree otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding investment arbitration, the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union produced a new Model BIT in 2019 which aligns its policy in matters of investment protection with that of the EU<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(5)<\/sup>. Articles of the new Model BIT narrow down the notion of protected investor and investment, reform standards of protection such as the FET and put greater emphasis on sustainable development and transparency.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(5)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (See Belgian Chamber of Representatives, \u2018Progress Report of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs relating to trade treaties\u2019, 28 March 2019, Doc 54 1806\/007, p\u202f24)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Established in 1987, the main Luxembourg arbitration institution is the Arbitration Centre of the Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce (\u201cLAC\u201d). The Centre implemented its own Rules of Arbitration inspired by the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The Rules have been amended on 1 January 2020 and 1 October 2025 and added, on an opt out basis, a simplified, faster and less expensive procedure for disputes not exceeding EUR 1 million as well as dedicated emergency measures provisions. The Centre also makes its secretariat available to parties who have chosen other arbitration rules, such as the ICC Arbitration Rules, with Luxembourg as the seat.<\/p>\n<p>The majority of cases submitted to the LAC related to construction and commercial law, including cooperation and service agreements, commercial contracts and transfer of shares.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Luxembourg judicial system does not provide for a specialized court or court chamber for arbitration. However, some judicial courts regularly deal with arbitration-related matters. The District Court, usually of the City of Luxembourg, and its President often act as acting judge in support of the arbitration (&#8220;juge d\u2019appui\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>The President of the District Court acts as the juge d\u2019appui when the seat of the arbitration is in Luxembourg, or when the procedural law governing the arbitration is law of Luxembourg, or when the parties expressly conferred jurisdiction to Luxembourg courts concerning procedural disputes related to arbitration, or when there exists a significant link between the dispute and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(6)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The Court of Appeal has exclusive jurisdiction to annul awards issued in Luxembourg<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(7)<\/sup>. It also has exclusive jurisdiction against decisions granting or refusing recognition (exequatur) of foreign arbitral awards<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(8)<\/sup>. The Luxembourg Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) can adjudicate on decisions of the Court of Appeal related specific legal questions, excluding facts.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(6)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1229 NCCP)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(7)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1236 NCCP)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(8)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1235 NCCP)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For an arbitration agreement to be valid and enforceable under the laws of Luxembourg, such agreement can either take the form of an arbitration clause (clause compromissoire) or a submission agreement (compromis). Neither is subject to any formal requirements, and both can be concluded at any moment notwithstanding any commenced court procedure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Under Article 1227-2 NCCP, an arbitration agreement is considered severable and is not affected by the underlying contract\u2019s nullity. By the same token, the nullity of the arbitration agreement does not affect the validity of the contract. This constitutes a major development in comparison to the old law under which it could be debated to what extend arbitration agreements are severable<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(9)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Article 5(4) of the 2020 LAC Rules also supports the principle of severability. It provides that, unless otherwise agreed, the arbitrator shall continue to have jurisdiction pursuant to an arbitration agreement even though the contract containing the agreement may itself be non-existent or null and void.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(9)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Compare for example Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 26 July 2005, no 27789 of the court register with Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 12 March 2003, Pas. 32, p.399)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg law does not explicitly provide for such a scenario and Luxembourg case law has not yet decided on such a matter to the best of our knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are asymmetric arbitration clauses \u2013 for instance, where one party has the right to choose between arbitration or litigation while the other party does not have this option \u2013 valid in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg courts have not yet ruled on the validity of asymmetric arbitration clauses. However, there are ongoing proceedings concerning the validity of asymmetric jurisdiction clauses which may provide guidance for the interpretation of asymmetric arbitration clauses by Luxembourg courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an arbitration agreement? Are there any recent court decisions on these issues?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no specific legislation on that matter. The case law of the courts is not very developed but it seems that Luxembourg courts may decline jurisdiction in favour of an arbitration agreement if the underlying contract, in which an arbitration agreement had been stipulated, has been transferred to a third party<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(10)<\/sup> or where the clause had been introduced in order to cover and benefit a third party<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(11)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(10)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg District Court, 29 April 1988, no 186\/88 of the court register.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(11)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (KINSCH, Patrick, \u201cLa l\u00e9gislation luxembourgeoise en mati\u00e8re d\u2019arbitrage\u201d, Bulletin Fran\u00e7ois Laurent (1997), pp.63-65, the author notes however that case law might not be unanimous on that subject.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any recent court decisions in your country concerning the choice of law applicable to an arbitration agreement where no such law has been specified by the Parties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There has been no recent case law in that regard. However, Luxembourg courts allow the parties to choose the applicable law for their arbitration agreement<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(12)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(12)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> ( Luxembourg District Court, 28 April 2016, no 171853 of the court register.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is the law applicable to the substance determined? Is there a specific set of choice of law rules in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg Law does not provide for mandatory choice of law rules that should be applied by the arbitrator. Typically, the parties can agree on the law applicable to the merits to their contracts and the arbitrators generally have to comply with such a choice. Article 1231 NCCP states that the applicable rules are those chosen by the parties, or failing that, those that the Tribunal considers appropriate. Furthermore, Article 1231 allows the parties to provide for the tribunal to render its award ex aequo et bono (\u201camiable compositeur\u201d), which offers the tribunal more leeway to organise the procedure, chose the applicable law and generally decide on the merits.<\/p>\n<p>The European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration of 21 April 1961 provides that the parties are free to determine the law applicable on the merits. Failing to do so, the arbitrators shall apply the conflict of law rules they deem applicable but must \u201ctake account of the terms of the contract and trade usages\u201d (Article VII(1)). The European Convention only applies when both parties have, at the time of concluding the agreement, \u201ctheir habitual place of residence or their seat in different Contracting States\u201d (Article I(1)(a)).<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Article 13 of the LAC Rules give the parties the latitude to agree on the applicable law to the merits or grant the powers of an \u201camiable compositeur\u201d to the arbitrator. Alternatively, the Rules provide that the arbitrator can determine the applicable law if the Parties did not agree on that matter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any particular requirements for and\/or restrictions in the appointment of arbitrators?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There are no specific requirements or necessary qualifications under Luxembourg law for the arbitrator. The only restriction is that arbitrators cannot be legal persons such as companies.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(13)<\/sup> The parties are free to choose for the person of their choice, as long as this person is impartial and independent with regard to the parties. The arbitrator solely needs to be able to act within its civil rights and has legal capacity to contract.<\/p>\n<p>Article 10(10) of the 2020 LAC Rules requires arbitrators to disclose any facts or circumstances which may affect their impartiality and independence. This disclosure has to happen notwithstanding the relevant issue arising before appointment\/confirmation or during the arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(13)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1228-1 NCPC.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the local courts intervene in the selection of arbitrators? If so, how?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The judge acting in support of the arbitration can intervene if the conditions described in question 7 are met. Pursuant to Article 1230 NCCP, the President of the District Court of and at Luxembourg acts as the instructing judge, unless the parties have designated another President of a district court of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The judge may be seized by either party, the arbitral tribunal or the arbitrators individually. Decisions of the instructing judge are rendered in the form of an order that are not subject to appeal.<\/p>\n<p>There are various circumstances in which the instructing judge may intervene to facilitate good administration of the arbitration. According to Articles 1228-3 and 1228-4 NCCP, there are four instances in which the judge can intervene:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When the parties do not agree on the choice of the sole arbitrator<\/li>\n<li>When a party fails to choose an arbitrator within one month of receipt of the request made by the other party, or if the tribunal should be composed of three arbitrators, but the arbitrators do not agree on the third presiding arbitrator.<\/li>\n<li>When the dispute is between more than two parties and they fail to agree on the manner in which to appoint the arbitrators.<\/li>\n<li>In the event that there are disputes regarding the challenge of arbitrators<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(14)<\/sup>, to extend the deadline of the arbitration<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(15)<\/sup>, or to order a third party to produce documents<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(16)<\/sup> the acting judge may also intervene.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(14)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1228-7 to 1228-9 NCCP)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(15)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1231-6 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(16)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1231-8 NCCP.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the appointment of an arbitrator be challenged? What are the grounds for such a challenge? What is the procedure for such a challenge?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The procedure to challenge the appointment of an arbitrator is primarily settled within the arbitration agreement, or by the arbitration rules chosen by the parties. In absence of parties\u2019 agreement, any dispute related to the constitution of an arbitral tribunal is resolved primarily by the arbitral institution in charge of the proceedings. Failing that, the dispute is resolved by the judge acting in support of the arbitration.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(17)<\/sup> According to Article 1228-7 NCCP arbitrators may be challenged only if there are circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to their impartiality or independence, or they lack the qualifications required by the parties.<\/p>\n<p>Whereas the grounds for challenging arbitrators are not set out in the Arbitration Law, case law decided under the old legal framework confirms that grounds and procedure of challenge are akin to the rules governing challenges of judges under Article 521 NCCP<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(18)<\/sup>. Only the party who is challenging the arbitrator can take part in the procedure. Starting from the day of the judgment on the challenge, the challenging party has 15 days to lodge an appeal (Article 535 NCCP).<\/p>\n<p>These grounds include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the arbitrator being part or having a substantial link to the management of one of the parties,<\/li>\n<li>a family relationship between the arbitrator and a party,<\/li>\n<li>the arbitrator having advised a party on the same or similar subject, or<\/li>\n<li>the arbitrator having received any gift shortly before or during the proceeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Furthermore, pursuant to Article 11 of the Rules of Arbitration of the Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce, an arbitrator may be challenged for lack of impartiality or independence. The request shall be made to the Secretariat. The LAC\u2019s Council will consequently decide on the admissibility of the request, and if the challenge is admissible, on the merits after having heard the parties and the arbitrators.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(17)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1228-3 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(18)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg District Court, 10 February 1960, pas. 18, p. 101.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments concerning the duty of independence and impartiality of the arbitrators, including the duty of disclosure?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>To the best of our knowledge, Luxembourg courts have not been recently requested to rule on such a matter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are arbitrators immune from liability?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The new arbitration law does not expressly provide for arbitrator immunity, nor has Luxembourg case law yet addressed a similar issue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is the principle of competence-competence recognized in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Whereas before, the principle of competence-competence was not expressly codified in Luxembourg law, Article 1227-2 NCCP now provides that the arbitral tribunal can rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections relating to the existence or validity of an arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the approach of local courts towards a party commencing litigation in apparent breach of an arbitration agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg courts regularly decline jurisdiction if they consider the arbitration agreement valid and applicable to the parties to a dispute. However, a party has to object to the jurisdiction of the court in favour of an arbitral tribunal, as Luxembourg courts may not raise the argument ex officio<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(19)<\/sup>. \u00a0If the arbitral tribunal declares that it does not have jurisdiction, or the award is set aside and parties are precluded from re-submitting the dispute to international arbitration, the case continues before the domestic court initially seized<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(20)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(19)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1227-3 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(20)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1227-3 NCCP.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What happens when a respondent fails to participate in the arbitration? Can the local courts compel participation?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>If without invoking any legitimate reason, one of the parties fails to participate in the oral proceedings or to produce documents, the Arbitral Tribunal shall continue the proceedings and rule on the basis of the evidence before it<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(21)<\/sup>. If the respondent fails to state its case, the Arbitral Tribunal continues the proceedings, however, without considering this failure as an acceptance of the claimant\u2019s allegations<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(22)<\/sup>. If the claimant fails to state its case, this constitutes a termination of the proceedings, without prejudice to the handling of claims of another party. All of these rules can be changed by agreement of the parties.<\/p>\n<p>Luxembourg law does not specifically allow courts to compel participation, and, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any case law regarding a request or challenge to compel a party to participate in arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(21)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> ( Article 1231-10 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(22)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> ( Article 1231-10 NCCP.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can third parties voluntarily join arbitration proceedings? If all parties agree to the intervention, is the tribunal bound by this agreement? If all parties do not agree to the intervention, can the tribunal allow for it?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Pursuant to Article 1231-12 NCCP, any interested third party may request the Arbitral Tribunal to intervene in the proceedings by application in writing. A party may also request a third party to intervene. However, in order to be admitted, the intervention requires an arbitration agreement between the third party and the parties to the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What interim measures are available? Will local courts issue interim measures pending the constitution of the tribunal? Are anti-suit and\/or anti-arbitration injunctions available and enforceable in your country?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The existence of an arbitration agreement does not prevent a party from bringing a claim for interim measure so long as the Arbitral Tribunal has not yet been constituted, or where it appears that the Arbitral Tribunal cannot grant the relief sought.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(23)<\/sup> Furthermore, application for interim relief does not waive the arbitration agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Article 1231-9 NCCP states that the tribunal can order any \u201cinterim measures of protection that it considers appropriate\u201d. However, that same Article provides that only the domestic court have jurisdiction to order attachments. Appropriate security may be requested from the party that requests an interim measure.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, Luxembourg courts accept jurisdiction to grant interim relief orders, despite some initial hesitation<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(24)<\/sup>, provided that the parties did not explicitly exclude state courts to take such measures<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(25)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the LAC Rules also provide for conservatory or interim measures before and after the constitution of the tribunal (Articles 20 and 21 of the Rules), including emergency measures under Article 20 and Appendix III.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(23)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1227-4 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(24)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 5 December 1985, no. 10606 of the court registry; District Court, 13 October 2006, no. 204\/06 of the court registry; Ord. R\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s, 10 November 2008, no. 796\/2008 of the court registry; Ord. R\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s, 29 July 2004, no. 583\/2004 of the court registry; Ord. R\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s, 16 October 2007, no. 596\/2007 of the court registry.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(25)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg District Court, 21 June 2019, No. TAL-2019-00209.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there particular rules governing evidentiary matters in arbitration? Will the local courts in your jurisdiction play any role in the obtaining of evidence? Can local courts compel witnesses to participate in arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Arbitral tribunals in Luxembourg follow the usual approach in relation to collecting and submission of evidence. Parties are free to organise evidentiary matters as they want. The rules regarding production of documents and witness statements are determined at the beginning of the proceedings by parties together with the arbitrators. In this respect, parties usually take guidance from the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>The Luxembourg Arbitration law provides that arbitral tribunals should take into consideration all necessary evidence. If one of the parties is in possession of evidence the Arbitral Tribunal may order it to produce such evidence. Any person including the parties may be heard as witnesses<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(26)<\/sup>. The relevant parts of the Luxembourg NCCP on arbitration do not provide any further framework details on the use of evidence in international arbitration.<\/p>\n<p>When a third party possesses a document that a party to the arbitral proceedings intends to rely on, that party can at the request of the Arbitral Tribunal summon the third party to appear before the judge in charge of the proceedings on order to obtain a copy of the document<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(27)<\/sup>. The juge d\u2019appui decides on the request subject to penalty payment.<\/p>\n<p>An arbitrator may verify whether the signatures on private deeds are genuine<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(28)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, in March 2018, the Rules of Procedure of the Luxembourg Bar were changed to allow Luxembourg lawyers to assist witnesses in the drafting of witness statements and to prepare for cross-examination.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(26)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1231-8 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(27)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1231-8 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(28)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (KINSCH, Patrick \u201cLa l\u00e9gislation luxembourgeoise en mati\u00e8re d\u2019arbitrage\u201d, Bulletin Fran\u00e7ois Laurent (1997) p. 107.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What ethical codes and other professional standards, if any, apply to counsel and arbitrators conducting proceedings in your country? Do these codes and professional standards apply only to counsel and arbitrators having the nationality of your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg law does not specifically provide for ethical standards that counsel has to abide by. Usually, lawyers registered within the Luxembourg Bar have to respect their own ethical rules even in the context of arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>The Luxembourg Bar has therefore amended their internal ethical rules in 2018 insofar that the new Article 3.6.5 of the Internal Rules of the Luxembourg Bar Association (\u201cr\u00e8glement int\u00e9rieur de l&#8217;Ordre des avocats du Barreau de Luxembourg\u201d) allows Luxembourg lawyers to adapt to foreign or arbitral procedural rules, norms or guidelines regarding the handling of witnesses in such procedures.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding the ethical and professional standards that have to be respected by the arbitrators, Article 1228-6 NCCP provides that the arbitrator must disclose any circumstances likely to affect their independence and impartiality both before and after accepting his assignment. In addition, provision of the LAC Arbitration Rules, such as Article 10 expressly state that arbitrators must be and remain impartial and independent of the parties involved in proceedings. They must also sign a statement of independence and impartiality before being appointed. The LAC rules do not frame similar requirements in relation to counsels, however it is understood that lawyers registered within Luxembourg bar have to respect their own ethical rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In your country, are there any rules with respect to the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg law in Article 1231-5 NCCP provides for that the arbitration proceedings shall be confidential, unless there is a legal obligation to the contrary or unless otherwise agreed by the parties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the IBA guidelines on conflicts of interest and other similar soft law sources viewed by courts and tribunals in your jurisdiction? Are they frequently applied?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There is no relevant Luxembourg case law addressing the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in the context of arbitration proceedings or the enforcement of arbitral awards. In the absence of express statutory provisions or judicial guidance, Luxembourg courts would likely rely primarily on the applicable provisions of the NCCP and the arbitration law, rather than directly applying international soft law guidelines such as the IBA Guidelines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are the costs of arbitration proceedings estimated and allocated? Can pre- and post-award interest be included on the principal claim and costs incurred?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The relevant Luxembourg law regarding arbitration is silent regarding the allocation of costs and there are no provisions empowering tribunals to order security for cost specifically. Arbitrators, however, tend to have significant leeway in that respect. The costs of arbitration are typically freely apportioned between the parties by the arbitrators; thus, one party can bear all or only a part of the expenses. No general practice exists in this respect, and the arbitrators decide on a case-by-case basis.<\/p>\n<p>The 2020 LAC Rules provide for how to allocate costs and give an estimated range of procedural costs before the arbitration (Appendix I of the Rules). Article 31 states that costs should include \u201creasonable expenses incurred by the parties for their defence and the fees and expenses of experts in case of an expertise\u201d. Even though the rule according to which \u201ccosts follow the event\u201d is generally recognised, the 2020 Rules of Arbitration of the Chamber of Commerce provide that in making decisions as to costs, the arbitral tribunal may take into account such circumstances as it considers relevant, including the extent to which each party has conducted the arbitration in an expeditious and cost-effective manner (Article 33(2)).<\/p>\n<p>Costs can be reduced if the parties agree to, and the Rules allow the use of, the simplified procedure, provided in Article 22 and Appendix II of the Rules.<\/p>\n<p>The recovery of interest is a matter of applicable law. Therefore, and if the parties did not agree otherwise, under Luxembourg law, arbitral tribunals are able to award compensatory interest at either the statutory or the contractually agreed rate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How are applications for security for costs viewed in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg arbitration law does not contain specific provisions directly addressing security for costs. However, Article 1231-9 NCCP empowers arbitral tribunals to order interim or conservatory measures as they deem appropriate, with the authority to modify, supplement, suspend or retract such measures. Under this provision, the arbitral tribunal may require a party requesting a provisional or conservatory measure to provide appropriate security.<\/p>\n<p>Article 21 of the 2020 LAC Rules provides for the possibility for parties to arbitration proceedings to request conservatory or interim measures after the constitution of the Arbitral tribunal. The arbitral tribunal may, however, condition the granting of such measures upon the prior furnishing of security for costs by the requesting party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What legal requirements are there in your country for the recognition and enforcement of an award? Is there a requirement that the award be reasoned, i.e. substantiated and motivated?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Formally speaking, the award must be in writing and the tribunal\u2019s deliberations must remain secret. Article 1232 NCCP enables the possibility for the parties to agree that the award will not be unanimous, and arbitrators may issue separate or dissenting opinions. When one or more arbitrators refuse to sign the award, this must be mentioned in the award.<\/p>\n<p>Similar to many other jurisdictions, awards must be reasoned, unless the parties agreed otherwise<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(29)<\/sup>. It is strongly recommended to include the date, name of parties, place of arbitration and other important details, even if the NCCP does not expressly require this.<\/p>\n<p>In order to enforce a foreign award in Luxembourg, the requesting party has to obtain an exequatur order from the president of the territorially competent district court. Exequatur may only be refused on the grounds enshrined in Article 1246 NCCP:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1\u00b0 the arbitral tribunal has wrongly declared itself competent or incompetent ;<\/li>\n<li>2\u00b0 the arbitral tribunal was improperly constituted; or<\/li>\n<li>3\u00b0 the arbitral tribunal ruled without complying with the terms of reference entrusted to it; or<\/li>\n<li>4\u00b0 the award is contrary to public policy;<\/li>\n<li>5\u00b0 the award does not state the reasons on which it is based, unless the parties have dispensed the arbitrators from stating reasons;<\/li>\n<li>6\u00b0 if there has been a violation of the rights of the defense;<\/li>\n<li>7\u00b0 if, after the award has been made, it transpires that it was obtained by fraud on the part of the party in whose favor it was made; or<\/li>\n<li>8\u00b0 if decisive documents that had been withheld by another party have been recovered;<\/li>\n<li>9\u00b0 if the judgment was based on documents that have been acknowledged or judicially declared to be false since the judgment;<\/li>\n<li>10\u00b0 if he has been judged on attestations, testimony or oaths that have been recognized or judicially declared false since the award.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(29)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1232-2 NCCP.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the estimated timeframe for the recognition and enforcement of an award (domestic and international)? Can a party bring a motion for the recognition and enforcement of an award on an ex parte basis? Would the standard of review be different for domestic and international awards?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The estimated timeframe to obtain an exequatur order for the recognition and enforcement of an award before the Luxembourg District court is generally a few days to some weeks (through an ex parte application).<\/p>\n<p>For the recognition and enforcement of an award, Luxembourg law distinguishes awards rendered within Luxembourg and awards rendered abroad. Domestic awards are governed by Articles 1233 to 1244 NCCP and foreign awards rendered outside of the Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg are subject to articles 1245 to 1249 NCCP.<\/p>\n<p>Awards rendered in Luxembourg are not subject to any form of appeal before the Luxembourg courts. Instead, they are subject to annulment action before the Court of Appeal.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(30)<\/sup> Agreements waiving the action for annulment are ineffective.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(30)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1236 NCCP)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can arbitration awards be appealed or challenged in local courts? What are the grounds and procedure in this regard? Is it possible for parties to waive any rights of appeal or challenge to an award by agreement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Domestic awards cannot be appealed and are only subject to annulment. The action for annulment must be lodged within one month from the notification of the award to parties<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(31)<\/sup>. The grounds to annul an award are enumerated in Article 1238 NCCP:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The arbitral wrongly asserted its jurisdiction;<\/li>\n<li>The arbitral was improperly constituted;<\/li>\n<li>The tribunal exceeded its mandate;<\/li>\n<li>The award is contrary to public policy;<\/li>\n<li>The award is not reasoned, unless the parties have dispensed arbitrators from giving reasons;<\/li>\n<li>There has been a violation of due process rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exequatur of foreign awards may be refused on one of the grounds enumerated in Article 1246 NCCP (see above). If the existence of the ground for refusal referred to in Article 1246 is disclosed to a party after the expiry of the time limit for appeal against the enforcement order, that party may lodge an application for review of the enforcement order within a period of two months from the day on which he became aware of the ground for review. The application for review, which seeks the revocation of the Exequatur order, is lodged with the Court of Appeal. If the withdrawal is upheld, the Court of Appeal will give a final ruling on the enforceability of the award<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(32)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>For domestic awards, any agreement to waive the action for annulment is ineffective and void<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(33)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(31)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1239 NCCP.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(32)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Article 1247 NCCP)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(33)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg District Court, 3 January 1996, Bulletin Laurent 1994, IV, pp. 282 to 285)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">In what instances can third parties or non-signatories be bound by an award? To what extent might a third party challenge the recognition of an award?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As for Luxembourg law, the underlying principle is that an award which was rendered for and between the two parties of the arbitration cannot be binding or opposable to a third party or non-signatory. The extent of that provision can be ambiguous from case to case.<\/p>\n<p>A third-party opposition against an award rendered in Luxembourg may be brought before a Luxembourg court where the award produces an effect against the third party.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any rules \/ court decisions that regulate or prohibit third party funding of arbitration proceedings \u2013 for instance, where funding by an entity not involved in the dispute in return for a share of the eventual award may be barred \u2013 in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Luxembourg Arbitration Law does not contain any provisions related to third party funding or the obligation to disclose third party funders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is emergency arbitrator relief available in your country? Are decisions made by emergency arbitrators readily enforceable?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The 2020 LAC Rules established an arbitral emergency procedure through Article 20, 21 and the Appendix III of the Rules. Emergency measures can be requested in matters that cannot wait the constitution of arbitral tribunal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there arbitral laws or arbitration institutional rules in your country providing simplified or expedited procedures for claims under a certain value? Are they often used?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The LAC Rules implemented a simplified, faster and less expensive procedure for disputes on an opt out basis. Article 22 of the Rules provides that the simplified procedure applies if (i) the value of the dispute does not exceed EUR 1 million and the arbitration agreement has been concluded after the LAC Rules amendment came into force (1 January 2020) or if (ii) the parties agree irrespectively of the date. Appendix II of the Rules establishes the procedural framework of the simplified procedure which differs from the ordinary procedure of the Rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the setting aside of an award that has been enforced in another jurisdiction or vice versa?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>To the best of our knowledge, no Court decision has been recently rendered regarding the setting aside of an award in Luxembourg and the enforcement in another country. However, Luxembourg case law has held that annulment proceedings against an award in the country in which it was rendered justifies the stay of proceedings for enforcement of this foreign award<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(34)<\/sup> and renders the award eventually unenforceable if the award is set aside in its country of origin4<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(35)<\/sup>, completely moving away from previous case law<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(36)<\/sup> which was influenced by the French approach.<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(34)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 25 June 2015, no. 42067 of the court register.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(35)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 27 April 2017, no. 40105 of the court register.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(36)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 28 January 1999, Pas. 31, p. 95.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country considering the issue of corruption? What standard do local courts apply for proving corruption? Which party bears the burden of proving corruption?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The issue of corruption has been raised in a recent decision where the Luxembourg court considered that corruption would prevent the recognition and enforcement of an award. Giving effect to an award obtained by fraud or corruption would be an unacceptable violation of a fundamental principle and therefore an infringement to public policy of the requested state.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(37)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(37)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Court of Appeal, 5 November 2020, Pas. 40, p.94.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent court decisions in your country with respect to intra-European investor-State arbitration generally or enforcement of awards stemming from proceedings of this nature? Are there any pending decisions?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The most notable case in which Luxembourg courts have addressed intra-European investor-State arbitration is Romania v Micula, where the Luxembourg Court of Cassation held that Romania benefitted from immunity from jurisdiction, reversing the lower courts\u2019 decision to recognize the award.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have arbitral institutions in your country implemented reforms towards greater use of technology and a more cost-effective conduct of arbitrations? Have there been any recent developments regarding virtual hearings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The Centre has amended its rules in 2020 and added a simplified procedure (see question 50), which provides for a faster and less expensive procedure. Those Rules also allow the arbitrator, after consultation with the parties, to hold all the proceedings through virtual hearings (Appendix II, 5. of the Rules). Regarding ordinary proceedings, Article 16 of the Rules allow to hold the case management conference through virtual hearing. In Practice, however, the Centre mostly leaves it to the parties and the arbitrators to decide how proceedings should be held.<\/p>\n<p>There are efforts undertaken by the Centre to amend the Rules and to implement greater use of technology, as, for instance, allowing virtual filings. In practice, virtual hearings are already used, but there has not been an official statement for when such amendments to the Rules are to be made.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have there been any recent developments in your jurisdiction with regard to disputes involving ESG issues such as climate change, sustainability, social responsibility and\/or human rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>There have not yet been developments in regard to arbitration in matters regarding climate change and\/or human rights. There were, however, proceedings initiated by Greenpeace in the Luxembourg Administrative Court aiming to compel the Government to disclose information related to investments done by the national pension fund in the context of a climate-related financial risk and the objectives fixed by the Paris Agreement. The request was rejected.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(38)<\/sup> The request was based on the Law of 25 November 2005 concerning public access to environmental information.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(39)<\/sup> The aim of Greenpeace was to obtain information on investments in non-renewable energy ventures by the Luxembourg Pension Fund (the FDC). The Administrative Court found the FDC does not constitute a \u201cpublic authority\u201d within the meaning of the Law of 25 November 2005. The FDC not being a part of the government or a public administration, the law of 25 November 2005 could not be used to obtain the requested information.<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(40)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(38)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Administrative Court (tribunal administratif), 17 December 2019, no 43604 of the court register.)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(39)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Law of 25 November 2005 concerning public access to environmental information (Loi du 25 novembre 2005 concernant l\u2019acc\u00e8s du public \u00e0 l\u2019information en mati\u00e8re d\u2019environnement).)<\/span><br \/>\n<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(40)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (Luxembourg Administrative Court (tribunal administratif), 17 December 2019, no 43604 of the court register, p. 19.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Have any international economic sanctions regimes been implemented (either independently, or based on EU law) in your jurisdiction recently? Have there been any recent decisions in your country considering the impact of sanctions on international arbitration proceedings?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>As an EU Member State, Luxembourg has implemented international economic sanctions regimes primarily through the EU sanctions framework. In addition, Luxembourg has enacted domestic legislation that allows for the implementation of UN Security Council sanctions<sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(41)<\/sup>. To date, however, there have not been any decisions yet regarding sanctions and international arbitration proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><sup style=\"font-size: 9px\">(41)<\/sup> <span style=\"font-size: 12px\"> (\u2018International financial sanctions\u2019 (Luxembourg Ministry of Finance, 05.09.2025) available at: https:\/\/mfin.gouvernement.lu\/en\/dossiers\/2018\/sanctions-financiaires-internationales.html, last visited on 13 October 2025.)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country implemented any rules or regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence or large language models in the context of international arbitration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We are not aware of any initiatives in this regard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">7225<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/117822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}