{"id":112376,"date":"2025-09-10T09:39:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T09:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=112376"},"modified":"2025-09-10T09:39:35","modified_gmt":"2025-09-10T09:39:35","slug":"romania-intellectual-property","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/romania-intellectual-property\/","title":{"rendered":"Romania: Intellectual Property"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-112376","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-intellectual-property","jurisdictions-romania"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Andronic and Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2025\/08\/Logo_Andronic-and-Partners.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Andronic and Partners<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2025\/08\/Logo_Andronic-and-Partners.jpg\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Intellectual Property laws and regulations applicable in Romania<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What different types of intellectual property rights exist to protect: (a) Inventions (e.g. patents, supplementary protection certificates, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how); (b) Brands (e.g. trade marks, cause of action in passing off, rights to prevent unfair competition, association marks, certification marks, hallmarks, designations of origin, geographical indications, traditional speciality guarantees); (c) Other creations, technology and proprietary interests (e.g. copyright, design rights, semiconductor topography rights, plant varieties, database rights, rights in trade secrets, confidential information and\/or know-how).<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Inventions:<\/strong> Patents (Law No. 64\/1991 and 83\/2014), supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) for medicinal\/plant protection products (EU Regulations 469\/2009 and 1610\/96), utility models (Law No. 350\/2007), plant variety rights (Law No. 255\/1998), and trade secrets (Law No. 11\/1991 on unfair competition).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brands:<\/strong> National and EU trademarks (Law No. 84\/1998 and EU Trademark Regulation), certification marks, collective marks (Law No. 84\/1998), and geographical indications (EU Regulations 1151\/2012 and 1308\/2013, Law No. 84\/1998).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other creations, technology and proprietary interests: <\/strong>Copyright and related rights, database rights (Law No. 8\/1996), national and EU designs (Law No. 129\/1992 and EU Design Regulation), and semiconductor topography rights (Law No. 16\/1995).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the duration of each of these intellectual property rights? What procedures exist to extend the life of registered rights in appropriate circumstances?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patents<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 20 years from filing; <strong>SPCs<\/strong> extend protection up to 5 additional years for medicinal\/plant protection products.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Utility<\/strong><strong> Models:<\/strong> Maximum 10 years from filing (first term of 6 years with two possible 2-year renewals).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant<\/strong> <strong>variety<\/strong> <strong>rights<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 25 years from the date of grant of protection;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trade<\/strong><strong> Secrets:<\/strong> Indefinite if secrecy is maintained.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademarks, certification marks<\/strong>, <strong>collective marks<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> 10 years from filing, renewable indefinitely for subsequent 10-year periods;<\/p>\n<p><strong>GIs: <\/strong>10 years from filing, renewable indefinitely for subsequent 10-year periods;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Author&#8217;s life plus 70 years for most works. Certain related rights are protected for 50 years.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Database rights<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>15 years from the year immediately following the completion of the database.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Designs<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>Maximum 25 years from filing (10-year first term, three 5-year renewals).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor<\/strong> <strong>Topographies:<\/strong> 10 years from first commercial exploitation or registration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who is the first owner of each of these intellectual property rights and is this different for rights created in the course of employment or under a commission?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, a first-to-file system applies to all intellectual property rights. For employment\/commission:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Patents, SPCs, Utility Models:<\/strong> Employer owns inventions made during employment duties, with exceptions for unclaimed inventions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant variety rights:<\/strong> Breeder entitled unless employment contract states otherwise.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trade Secrets:<\/strong> Person with legal control maintains protection.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright:<\/strong> Generally belongs to creator; economic rights may belong to employer for computer software or under assignment contracts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Database rights, Designs, Semiconductor Topographies:<\/strong> Employer\/commissioner owns if created during employment\/under commission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Which of the intellectual property rights described above are registered rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Registered rights: patents, SPCs, utility models, plant variety rights, trademarks, certification marks, collective marks, GIs, designs, semiconductor topography rights.<\/p>\n<p>Automatic rights: copyright, database rights, trade secrets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who can apply for registration of these intellectual property rights and, briefly, what is the procedure for registration?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Any natural or legal person can apply (except GIs, which require producer associations from the geographical area). Applications filed with OSIM (most rights) or ISTIS (plant varieties). Procedure includes formal examination, publication, substantive examination (where applicable), opposition period (where applicable), and certificate issuance. Copyright holders may register their right strictly for opposability reasons.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How long does the registration procedure usually take?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The duration of the registration procedure varies depending on the type of intellectual property right in question and, specifically, on the complexity of its registration procedure (number of steps and complexity of each step). Fast-track procedures are not available for most IP rights in Romania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Patents:<\/strong> up to five years from filing, even with certain parts of the procedure fast-tracked;<\/p>\n<p><strong>SPCs:<\/strong> 6-9 months from filing;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Utility<\/strong> <strong>Models:<\/strong> 6-12 months from filing;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant<\/strong> <strong>Variety Rights:<\/strong> 2-3 years from filing;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademarks, Certification Marks &amp; Collective Marks:<\/strong> 8-12 months from filing without procedural incidents;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Geographical<\/strong> <strong>Indications:<\/strong> 18-24 months from filing;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Designs:<\/strong> 6-12 months from filing;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor<\/strong> <strong>Topography Rights:<\/strong> 6 months from filing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do third parties have the right to take part in or comment on the registration process?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Third parties can file observations or oppositions against applications for the registration of trademarks, certification marks, collective marks, and designs during a specific window after publication. Likewise, for other rights, like semiconductor topography rights and patents, third parties can file revocation actions during a specific window after publication of the application\u2019s admission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What (if any) steps can the applicant take if registration is refused?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, if an application is refused by OSIM or ISTIS, the applicant can appeal to the relevant authority\u2019s Re-Examination Commission, then to the Bucharest Tribunal, and finally to the Bucharest Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the current application and renewal fees for each of these intellectual property rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Notwithstanding any procedural incident fees, the registration and renewal fees are:<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-size: 10px\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em><strong>IP Right<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em><strong>Application Fee<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em><strong>Renewal Fee<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em><strong>\u00a0Patents<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 20 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 application publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 300 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 100 \u2013 patent publishing.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Starting from year 3 \u2013 EUR 150, the renewal fee increases up to EUR 500 in year 20.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>SPCs<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 500 \u2013 application filing and examination<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Starting from year 1 \u2013 EUR 1000, the renewal fee increases up to EUR 1400 in year 5.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Utility Models<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 20 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 100 \u2013 search report;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 400 \u2013 application publishing.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>First renewal (years 7 and 8) \u2013 EUR 200;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Second renewal (years 9 and 10) \u2013 EUR 300.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Plant variety rights<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 30 \u2013 application filing and publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 20 \u2013 examination of variety denomination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Starting from EUR 70 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 registration certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Starting from year 1 \u2013 EUR 40, the renewal fee increases up to EUR 70 in year 10.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Trade Secrets<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>N\/A<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>N\/A<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Trademarks<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 10 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 30 \/ EUR 100 \u2013 application publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Starting from EUR 110 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 registration certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Starting from EUR 120 \u2013 renewal fee.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 issuing the renewal certificate.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Certification marks<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<strong>Collective marks<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 10 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 30 \/ EUR 100 \u2013 application publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Starting from EUR 390 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Starting from EUR 400 \u2013 renewal fee.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 renewal certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>GIs<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 400 \u2013 registration fee;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 50 \u2013 registration certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>EUR 400 \u2013 renewal fee<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Copyright<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>Approx. EUR 10<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>Approx. EUR 5<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Database rights<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>N\/A<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>N\/A<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Designs<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 30 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Starting from EUR 20 \u2013 design publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Starting from EUR 50 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 20-50 \u2013 registration certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>EUR 100-150 \u2013 renewal fee;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 20-30 \u2013 renewal certificate issuance.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"181\"><em>\u00a0<strong>Semiconductor Topographies<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"188\"><em>EUR 30 \u2013 application filing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 100 \u2013 application examination;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 300 \u2013 registration of topography.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 15 \u2013 registration publishing;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>EUR 15 \u2013 registration certificate issuance.<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"185\"><em>N\/A<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the consequences of a failure to pay any renewal fees and what (if any) steps can be taken to remedy a failure to pay renewal fees?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Rights lapse if renewal fees aren&#8217;t paid. However, for most IP rights, a grace period of 6 months is available with a surcharge allowing renewal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the requirements to assign ownership of each of the intellectual property rights described above?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patents<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Under Romanian law, patent-related rights include (i) the right to a patent, (ii) the right to be granted a patent, and (iii) the rights arising from a granted patent. These rights may be assigned, in whole or in part, by written agreement. If the applicant is not the inventor, proof of entitlement is required. For the rights described at point (ii) and (iii), assignment must be filed with OSIM for enforcement reasons.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Utility Models<\/strong>: All provisions regarding assignment applicable to patents also apply to Utility Models.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plant V<\/strong><strong>ariety Rights:<\/strong> The transfer of rights must be compulsorily registered in the appropriate national registers depending on the timing of the assignment: if the assignment occurs before the patent is granted, it must be recorded in the National Register of Plant Variety Patent Applications (<strong>RNCBS<\/strong>), while assignments made after patent grant are registered in the National Register of Plant Variety Patents (<strong>RNBSP<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademarks<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Written assignment signed by parties. Partial assignment allowed but no territorial division within Romania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Certification<\/strong> <strong>marks<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Assignment prohibited.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cause of action in<\/strong><strong> passing off and Unfair competition rights:<\/strong> Not transferable as standalone rights but transfer with business\/goodwill.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Geographical<\/strong><strong> indications:<\/strong> Cannot be assigned due to intrinsic nature.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Written agreement specifying rights, territory, duration, remuneration. Only economic rights are assignable; moral rights remain with author.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Design<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>The rights to obtain a registration certificate for a design, the rights arising from the corresponding application, and the rights resulting from a registration can be assigned, in whole or in part.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor<\/strong><strong> Topographies:<\/strong> Written assignment signed by the parties is needed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Database <em>sui-generis<\/em> rights: <\/strong>Can be assigned under no formal legal requirements.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Know-how and Confidential information: <\/strong>Both information classified as know-how or confidential information can be object of assignment agreements; depending on the nature of the protected information the applicable law formalities may apply.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trade secrets:<\/strong> trade secrets are not registrable and there are no specific statutory provisions governing their assignment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a requirement to register an assignment of any of these intellectual property rights and, if so, what is the consequence of failing to register?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>For <strong>Patents<\/strong><strong>, Utility Models, Plant Variety Rights, Designs, Trademarks, Association Marks, Semiconductor Topography rights<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>For the assignment to be enforceable against third parties, it must be registered with OSIM (the State Office for Inventions and Trademarks) and published in the Official Industrial Property Bulletin. Assignments that are not registered and published in this manner are not enforceable against third parties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyrights<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong>In the case of copyright, there are no restrictions regarding any registration requirements on the transfer of these copyrights to be effective or enforceable; they can be enforced even if no method of public opposition has been fulfilled. However, if the copyright has been registered with ORDA, the transfer must also be registered to ensure enforceability of the transfer against third parties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Know-<\/strong><strong>how<\/strong><strong>, Confidential information and Trade secrets<\/strong> rights are not subject to registration <em>per se<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the requirements to licence a third party to use each of the intellectual property rights described above?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patents<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>Utility Models<\/strong><strong>, Plant Varieties:<\/strong> Written license (exclusive or non-exclusive). Registration with OSIM is not mandatory for validity but required for third-party enforceability.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademarks<\/strong><strong>, Designs: <\/strong>No formal requirements for concluding licenses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> No formal requirements. Licenses may refer to specific uses (e.g. reproduction, distribution, broadcasting).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Geographical<\/strong><strong> indications:<\/strong> Licensing prohibited.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor Topographies:<\/strong> Made in written. Can be exclusive or non-exclusive licensed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Database <em>sui-generis<\/em> rights:<\/strong> No formal legal requirements for licensing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is there a requirement to register a licence of any of these intellectual property rights and, if so, what is the consequence of failing to register?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>While registration is not a validity requirement, failure to register a licence can result in limited enforceability, weaker protection against third parties, and loss of procedural rights, especially in the context of litigation or rights transfer.<\/p>\n<p>For <strong>Patents<\/strong><strong>, Utility Models, Plant Variety Rights, Designs and<\/strong> <strong>Trademarks and similar rights<\/strong>, registration is required for the license to be enforceable against third parties but does not affect the effectiveness of the license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyrights<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Registration of copyright licenses is not mandatory. Nevertheless, where collective management organisations are involved, registration of rights and uses may be necessary for royalty collection and enforcement purposes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Semiconductor<\/strong><strong> Topography rights:<\/strong> The licensing of the rights shall only take effect vis-\u00e0-vis third parties from the date of publication in the Official Gazette of Romania of the notice of transfer registered with the State Office for Inventions and Trademarks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are exclusive and non-exclusive licensees given different rights in respect of the enforcement of the licensed IP, and if so, how do those rights differ?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>In Romania, <strong><em>exclusive licensees<\/em><\/strong> generally have broader enforcement rights, including the ability to initiate infringement proceedings in their own name &#8211; provided the licence is in writing, registered, and the owner has been notified and failed to act.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, <strong><em>non-exclusive licensees<\/em><\/strong> do not have standing to sue unless the licence explicitly grants enforcement rights or the right-holder consents. This distinction applies across industrial property rights such as patents, trademarks, and designs. For copyright, enforcement powers depend on express contractual terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there criminal sanctions for infringement of any intellectual property rights, and if so, what are they and how are they invoked?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Patent infringement:<\/strong> Up to 2 years imprisonment or fine for falsely claiming inventorship or counterfeiting.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trademark\/Geographical indications infringement:<\/strong> Up to 2 years imprisonment or fine for counterfeiting and unauthorized circulation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright infringement:<\/strong> 1-7 years\u2019 imprisonment depending on acts (reproduction, distribution, piracy).<\/p>\n<p>Plagiarism can lead to up to 3 years in prison, with criminal liability ending if the parties reconcile. Making, importing, distributing, or promoting unauthorized copies is also punishable by up to 3 years; if done commercially, penalties increase to 7 years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What other enforcement options are available for each of the intellectual property rights described above? For example, civil court proceedings, intellectual property office proceedings, administrative proceedings, alternative dispute resolution.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong><em>Civil <\/em><\/strong><strong>court<\/strong><strong><em> proceedings<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 IP owners can bring lawsuits for injunctions, damages, and destruction of infringing goods. Cases are handled by designated intellectual property panels in competent courts.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Administrative<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> proceedings<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Agencies like ORDA (for copyright) and OSIM (for trademarks, patents, designs) oversee registrations, oppositions, and compliance. They can issue fines, revoke rights, or withdraw registration\u2014but infringement disputes go to court.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Customs<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> enforcement<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Romanian Customs may detain or seize suspected infringing items at borders, especially in trademark and copyright cases, to prevent import of counterfeit goods.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Alternative<\/em><\/strong><strong><em> dispute resolution<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 IP disputes, notably those involving contracts (licensing, know-how), can also be resolved through mediation or arbitration, offering parties a quicker, less adversarial option.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the length and cost of such procedures?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Civil court proceedings typically last between one to two years at first instance, with appeals potentially extending the process to three or four years. Costs can range from a few hundred to several thousand euros, depending on court fees, attorney fees, and expert involvement.<\/p>\n<p>Administrative procedures before OSIM or ORDA are generally quicker and more affordable, often resolved within six to eighteen months at a lower cost.<\/p>\n<p>Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as mediation or arbitration, are typically faster and less formal, with varying costs depending on the chosen forum and complexity of the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Where court action is available, please provide details of which court(s) have jurisdiction, how to start proceedings, the basics of the procedure, the time to trial, the format of the trial, the time to judgment and award of relief and whether any appeal is available.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Specialized IP panels within tribunals (<strong>first instance<\/strong>), <strong>appeal<\/strong> to courts of appeal, <strong>final recourse<\/strong> to High Court of Cassation and Justice.<\/p>\n<p>Proceedings initiated by written statement of claim. Process includes written phase (pleadings\/evidence exchange) and public oral hearing. Judgment typically within 12-24 months, appeals add 1-2 years.<\/p>\n<p>Relief includes injunctions, damages, destruction\/seizure of goods, judgment publication, information disclosure. Provisional measures available.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What customs procedures are available to stop the import and\/or export of infringing goods?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Customs authorities can block the import or export of counterfeit or IP-infringing goods through procedures aligned with EU legislation. Rights holders may submit a formal request for customs intervention via the IPEP portal, while customs may also act ex officio if they suspect infringement.<\/p>\n<p>If goods are confirmed as infringing, they can typically be destroyed via a simplified procedure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are any non-court enforcement options or dispute resolution mechanisms mandatory in respect of intellectual property disputes in any circumstances? If so, please provide details.<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Certain IP disputes require prior administrative proceedings before court action is possible (re trademarks, patents, or designs).<\/p>\n<p>Oppositions are handled entirely by OSIM, while invalidity (cancellation) or revocation actions must first go through OSIM before any judicial challenge.<\/p>\n<p>Infringement disputes (e.g., unauthorized use) are typically handled directly by the courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What options are available to settle intellectual property disputes in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Contractual settlements (including licensing, cease-and-desist, financial compensation), mediation, arbitration. OSIM handles certain administrative proceedings (such as opposition or invalidity\/ cancellation actions).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is required to establish infringement of each of the intellectual property rights described above? What evidence is necessary in this context?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Inventions<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Unauthorized use of protected inventions. Evidence: proof of ownership (e.g., valid registration certificate) and proof of infringing activity (e.g., product samples, advertising materials, invoices).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trade<\/strong><strong> secrets:<\/strong> Proof that the information was secret (not generally known or easily accessible), commercially valuable, subject to protection measures. Evidence: unlawful acquisition\/use\/disclosure, specific damage caused by the act of unfair competition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brands<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Unauthorized use of identical\/similar signs likely to cause confusion. Evidence: registration certificates, market samples of the infringing products\/goods, evidence of confusion (e.g., consumer surveys, testimonies), or, if applicable, documentation of reputation (for well-known trademarks).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong><strong>\/designs\/database rights\/semiconductor topographies:<\/strong> Unauthorized use of protected rights (in case of designs, use of similar signs may also constitute infringement if the overall impression is the same). Evidence: registration\/creation proof, (e.g., timestamped files, ORDA deposit), comparative analysis between the original and infringing work, market evidence showing unauthorized use or commercial exploitation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How does the court acquire any necessary information (fact or technical) and in what circumstances does it do so? In particular a) Is there a technical judge, a judge with technical experience, a court appointed expert, an expert agreed by the parties, and\/or parties\u2019 expert witness evidence? b) What mechanisms are available for compelling the obtaining and protecting of evidence? Is disclosure or discovery available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>a) <strong>Technical expertise:<\/strong> No technical judges by default. Courts frequently rely on court-appointed experts to clarify technical or scientific matters. Court-appointed experts are independent and selected from the official register of judicial experts. The expert&#8217;s report is filed in writing and subject to the parties\u2019 debate and objections. In complex cases, multiple experts may be appointed, or a second expert opinion (counter-expertise) may be ordered.<\/p>\n<p>Courts may also accept: (i) party-appointed expert reports, or (ii) witnesses with technical background, who may be questioned during hearings.<\/p>\n<p>b) <strong>Evidence mechanisms:<\/strong> Courts can order the preservation of evidence before or during the trial if there is a risk that evidence may be lost or become unavailable. Romania does not have common law-style discovery. However, a party may request the court to order the opposing party to produce specific documents or evidence in their possession, under certain conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How is information and evidence submitted to the court scrutinised? For example, is cross-examination available and if so, how frequently is it employed in practice?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The court will first examine the admissibility, legality, and relevance of each piece of evidence. Judges may question witnesses and parties directly, and they may request clarifications or additional documents. Expert reports are subject to parties\u2019 objections and may be challenged or supplemented by counter-expertise.<\/p>\n<p>Witnesses are typically used in IP infringement claims. Sworn testimony is required for witnesses, while giving false testimony is a criminal offence. Cross-examination (in the typical common law sense) is not specific to Romanian proceedings; however, parties can submit questions to be addressed to the witnesses by the judge. Judges have full discretion to rephrase or reject irrelevant questions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What defences to infringement are available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Depending on the type of IP protection, examples of defences in IP infringement claims include:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 0\">\n<li>Lack of relevant protection \u2013 expiration, annulment, invalidity of the IP right (e.g. lack of novelty, inventive step, originality, distinctiveness, or other substantive requirements), non-use of the trademark for a continuous period of 5 years;<\/li>\n<li>Lack of infringement \u2013 no similarity or no likelihood of confusion, independent creation (for copyright or designs), independent discovery (for trade secrets), prior use;<\/li>\n<li>Statutory exceptions \/ permitted use \u2013 fair use, educational, parody, quotation, experimental or research use;<\/li>\n<li>Legitimate use \u2013 if the right holder previously authorized the use, either expressly or implicitly;<\/li>\n<li>Lack of actual damage or harm \u2013 can sometimes be used to limit or deny claims for damages (e.g. in case of trade secrets), though infringement may still be found.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other procedural\/ general defences include:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 0\">\n<li>Lack of standing \u2013 the claimant is not the rightful holder nor a licensee with enforcement rights;<\/li>\n<li>Statute of limitation \u2013 most IP infringement claims must be filed within 3 years from when the claimant became aware of the infringement and the infringer;<\/li>\n<li>Procedural flaws of the claim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Who can challenge each of the intellectual property rights described above?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Generally, all types of intellectual property rights can be challenged by any third party with a legitimate interest, such as competitors, affected businesses, or consumers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">When may a challenge to these intellectual property rights be made (e.g. during any registration process or at any time during the subsistence of the right)?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Registered<\/strong><strong> rights:<\/strong> Oppositions during registration (typically 2-6 months post-publication); invalidation anytime during subsistence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Unregistered<\/strong><strong> rights:<\/strong> Challenges usually arise in infringement\/unfair competition claims anytime during subsistence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Briefly, what is the forum and the procedure for challenging each of these intellectual property rights and what are the grounds for a finding of invalidity of each of these intellectual property rights?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Inventions<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> OSIM (opposition\/revocation within 6 months) or courts (invalidation anytime). Grounds: lack of novelty, industrial applicability, insufficient disclosure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brands<\/strong><strong>\/Designs:<\/strong> OSIM (opposition within 2 months) or courts (invalidation post-registration). Grounds: absolute (e.g. lack of distinctiveness) or relative (e.g. conflicting rights).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> Civil litigation. Grounds: fraudulent authorship, lack of originality.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trade secrets:<\/strong> Civil\/commercial courts for unfair competition\/contractual breaches.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any other methods to remove or limit the effect of any of the intellectual property rights described above, for example, declaratory relief or licences of right?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Compulsory licensing:<\/strong> May be granted by courts for patents\/plant varieties in restrictive circumstances (failure to exploit, public interest).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Voluntary licensing:<\/strong> Common across all rights. Coexistence agreements may allow two similar trademarks or designs to coexist in different markets.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Exhaustion:<\/strong> Rights exhausted once the product is lawfully placed on EEA market.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Withdrawal\/renunciation:<\/strong> Available before or after protection granted (when the right is no longer commercially valuable or to settle disputes).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What remedies (both interim and final) are available for infringement of each of the intellectual property rights described above?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p><strong>Interim measures:<\/strong> Preliminary injunctions, asset freezing, evidence preservation (requires urgency, prima facie case, irreparable harm risk).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Final measures:<\/strong> Permanent injunctions, damages (including lost profits), destruction\/recall of infringing goods, public acknowledgment of court decision, moral damages for reputational harm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What are the costs of enforcement proceedings and is any kind of costs recovery available for successful parties? Is there a procedural mechanism enabling or requiring security for costs?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Costs typically include court fees, expert fees, legal representation, and costs for interim measures, such as injunctions or evidence preservation. The total cost can increase significantly in complex or high-stakes cases, especially those involving patents, technical expertise, or cross-border elements. In administrative proceedings before OSIM, fees are generally lower than in court proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>Successful parties in both administrative and judicial proceedings may benefit from cost recovery mechanisms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">4636<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/112376","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}