{"id":111790,"date":"2025-09-10T11:49:15","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T11:49:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/?post_type=comparative_guide&#038;p=111790"},"modified":"2025-09-10T11:55:51","modified_gmt":"2025-09-10T11:55:51","slug":"united-states-enforcement-judgments","status":"publish","type":"comparative_guide","link":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/chapter\/united-states-enforcement-judgments\/","title":{"rendered":"United States: Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"template":"","class_list":["post-111790","comparative_guide","type-comparative_guide","status-publish","hentry","guides-enforcement-judgments","jurisdictions-united-states"],"acf":[],"appp":{"post_list":{"below_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Hogan Lovells US LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2025\/01\/Hogan-Lovells.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>"},"post_detail":{"above_title":"<div class=\"guide-author-details\"><span class=\"guide-author\">Hogan Lovells US LLP<\/span><span class=\"guide-author-logo\"><img src=\"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1\/2025\/01\/Hogan-Lovells.png\"\/><\/span><\/div>","below_title":"<span class=\"guide-intro\">This country specific Q&amp;A provides an overview of Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters laws and regulations applicable in United States<\/span><div class=\"guide-content\"><div class=\"filter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search questions and answers...\" class=\"filter-container__search-field\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What international conventions, treaties or other arrangements apply to the enforcement of foreign judgments in your jurisdiction and in what circumstances do they apply?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>At present, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in New York\u2014and in the United States generally\u2014is not subject to any international convention or treaty.<\/li>\n<li>In March 2022, the United States signed the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention, which establishes a global approach to facilitate the process of cross-border recognition and enforcement of judgments. However, the convention has not yet been ratified by the U.S. and is not enforceable in United States courts.<\/li>\n<li>In contrast, the United States is subject to multiple international conventions and treaties that govern the enforcement of arbitration awards. For example, the U.S. Federal Arbitration Act codifies the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (\u201cNew York Convention\u201d) under 9 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 201-208. The United States is also party to the Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (the \u201cPanama Convention\u201d) under 9 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 301-307.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, reservations has your jurisdiction made to such treaties?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>The United States may make reservations to the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention if the U.S. decides to ratify the treaty, though it is unclear if ratification will occur.<\/li>\n<li>The United States made two reservations under the New York Convention:\n<ol style=\"padding-left: 5\" type=\"i\">\n<li>&#8220;The United States of America will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.\u201d; and<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;The United States of America will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the United States.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Southern District of New York noted this reservation in <em>DaPuzzo v. Globalvest Management Co.<\/em>, <em>L.P.<\/em>, where it declared that \u201c[federal] courts lack [original] jurisdiction to compel arbitration agreements in\u201d countries that are not signatories to the\u00a0New\u00a0York\u00a0Convention; and that \u201cthe Convention may be applied\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0basis\u00a0of\u00a0reciprocity\u00a0to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in contracting states.\u201d\u00a0263 F. Supp. 2d 714, 735\u201336 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can foreign judgments be enforced in your jurisdiction where there is not a convention or treaty or other arrangement, e.g. under the general law?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>Yes. In the United States, the recognition and enforcement of foreign country judgments is governed by the statutes of the individual states, or in their absence, by common law. There is no federal statute that governs the recognition or enforcement of such judgments.<\/li>\n<li>The 1962 Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act (\u201c1962 Uniform Act\u201d) sought to codify the principles of comity detailed in <em>Hilton v. Guyot<\/em>, 159 U.S. 113 (1895). In <em>Hilton<\/em>, the Supreme Court held that where there was a \u201cfull and fair\u201d foreign trial and no showing of any reason \u201cwhy the comity of this nation should not allow it full effect,\u201d then the merits of the foreign case would not be questioned. Many states have developed their own mechanisms for enforcing foreign judgments based on either the 1962 Act or its 2005 revision, the Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act (together, the \u201cUniform Acts\u201d).<\/li>\n<li>New York\u2019s Article 53 of the Civil Practice Law and Rules (\u201cCPLR\u201d) codifies the Uniform Acts, governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign money judgments and \u201cpromot[ing] the efficient enforcement of New York judgments abroad by assuring foreign jurisdictions that their judgments would receive streamlined enforcement here.\u201d <em>CIBC Mellon Tr. Co. v. Mora Hotel Corp. N.V<\/em>., 100 N.Y.2d 215, 221 (2003). Where there are foreign judgment enforcement questions that are not addressed by Article 53, New York courts turn to common law. Unless a ground for non-recognition is met, \u201cforeign judgment[s] should be enforced in New York under well-settled comity principles without microscopic analysis of the underlying proceeding.\u201d <em>Abu Dhabi Com. Bank PJSC v. Saad Trading, Contracting &amp; Fin. Servs. Co., <\/em>117 A.D.3d 609, 612 (2014).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What basic criteria does a foreign judgment have to satisfy before it can be enforced in your jurisdiction? Is it limited to money judgments or does it extend to other forms of relief?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>Before a foreign judgment may be enforced in New York, the judgment must be recognized by a New York court. The judgment creditor must confirm that the judgment meets the enforceability criteria detailed in Article 53 of the CPLR. The creditor must show that the rendering court had both personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction over the case, and establish that the money judgment is: (1) final; (2) conclusive, and (3) enforceable in the foreign court and country in which it was rendered. CPLR \u00a7 5302. A final judgment is conclusive to the extent that it grants or denies recovery of a sum of money. CPLR \u00a7 5303.<\/li>\n<li>Article 53 is explicitly limited to foreign <em>monetary <\/em>judgments, with the exception of judgments for taxes, fines, penalties, or a money judgment related to domestic relations. CPLR \u00a7 5302(b). However, there is no such limitation in the Uniform Acts, and New York has recognized other forms of judgments when applying common law. CPLR \u00a7 5307(b) (\u201cThis article does not prevent the recognition of a foreign country judgment in situations not covered by this article.\u201d); <em>Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda Ltd.<\/em>, 2004 WL 1444116 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2004) (Determining a Bermuda declaratory judgment is \u201centitled to full recognition and effect\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the procedure for enforcement of foreign judgments pursuant to such conventions, treaties or arrangements in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>The process for enforcement of foreign judgments in New York is not subject to international conventions or treaties.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">If applicable, what is the procedure for enforcement of foreign judgments under the general law in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>For a foreign money judgment to be enforced in New York, the judgment-creditor must make an application for domestication in a New York court. If recognition is being brought as an original matter, CPLR \u00a7 5303(b) directs creditors to file an action on the judgment or to file a motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint seeking recognition of the foreign country judgment under CPLR \u00a7 3213. Under a \u00a0\u00a7 3213 proceeding, a judgment creditor must file a summons, summary judgment motion, and supporting papers. A court will then issue an expedited ruling without discovery or trial.\u00a0 Alternatively, if recognition is sought in an already-pending action, the issue of recognition may be raised by counterclaim, cross-claim, or affirmative defense. CPLR \u00a7 5303(c).<\/li>\n<li>To apply for enforcement, a judgment creditor must authenticate the judgment and file a copy of the judgment within 90 days of the date of authentication. CPLR \u00a7 5402. The creditor must also provide the court with an affidavit with the name and last known address of the debtor, confirming that the judgment was not obtained in default, remains unsatisfied and unpaid, and that the enforcement of the judgment has not been stayed. <em>Id.<\/em> Within thirty days of the filing of the judgment and affidavit, the creditor shall provide the judgment debtor with notice of the filing at his last known address. CPLR \u00a7 5403.<\/li>\n<li>Upon the completion of these steps, the New York court will treat the foreign judgment as \u201cenforceable in the same manner as a judgment rendered in this state.\u201d CPLR \u00a7 5307(b). The foreign judgment creditor will be able to access the same enforcement procedures that are available for the enforcement of domestic judgments. Generally, the enforcement process would involve the entry of the money judgment and service in accordance with the CPLR, the identification and location of the judgment debtor\u2019s assets, and the enforcement of the judgment against the judgment debtor\u2019s real and personal property.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What, if any, formal requirements do the courts of your jurisdiction impose upon foreign judgments before they can be enforced? For example, must the judgment be apostilled?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><ol style=\"padding-left: 0\" type=\"a\">\n<li>Once a foreign judgment is recognized, the judgment creditor must follow the additional procedural requirements for enforcement detailed in CPLR \u00a7 5402. A judgment creditor must provide the court with an English translation of the foreign judgment and affidavit. <em>Kingdom of Sweden on behalf of Swedish Bd. of Student Fin. v. Pashkovski<\/em>, 197 N.Y.S.3d 833, 917 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2023) (\u201cWhere an affidavit or exhibit annexed to a paper served or filed is in a foreign language, it shall be accompanied by an English translation and an affidavit by the translator stating his qualifications and that the translation is accurate.\u201d). The affidavit must include the name and last known address of the judgment debtor, and confirm that the judgment was not obtained in default, remains unsatisfied and unpaid, and that the enforcement of the judgment has not been stayed.<\/li>\n<li>While foreign judgments must be authenticated to be recognized by a New York court, New York law does not require the judgment to be apostilled.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">How long does it usually take to enforce or register a foreign judgment in your jurisdiction? Is there a summary procedure available?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Enforcement may range from a few months or less to multiple years, depending on how straightforward the creditor\u2019s claim is, how contested the judgment is, and how easily accessible debtor\u2019s assets are. \u00a0If a judgment satisfies the requirements for recognition under Article 53 and the creditor proceeds with a motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint, resolution of an application for domestication would be expedited and the case would proceed without discovery and litigation, both of which can be very time consuming.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Is it possible to obtain interim relief (e.g. an injunction to restrain disposal of assets) while the enforcement or registration procedure takes place?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes. \u00a0Under CPLR \u00a7 6201(5), a party seeking enforcement of a foreign country judgment under Article 53 can obtain an order of prejudgment attachment.\u00a0 To obtain an order of attachment, the creditor must also confirm by \u201caffidavit and such other written evidence\u201d that \u201cthere is a cause of action, that it is probable that the plaintiff will succeed on the merits,\u201d and that \u201cthe amount demanded from the defendant exceeds all counterclaims known to the plaintiff.\u201d\u00a0 CPLR \u00a7\u00a06212(a).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What is the limitation period for enforcing a foreign judgment in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A judgment creditor must commence an action to recognize a foreign judgment within the earlier of the time during which the foreign judgment is effective or twenty years from the date that the foreign judgment became effective in the foreign country. CPLR \u00a7 5303(d).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">On what grounds can the enforcement of foreign judgments be challenged in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>A party challenging the recognition of a foreign country judgment has the burden of establishing a ground for non-recognition. CPLR \u00a7 5304. Under \u00a7 CPLR 5304(a), a New York court <em>will not <\/em>recognize a foreign country judgment if the foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the debtor or jurisdiction over the subject matter. A New York court will also not recognize a judgment that was rendered under a judicial system that does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures that comport with due process of law. <em>See Akhmedova v. Akhmedova<\/em>, 139 N.Y.S.3d 33 (2020) (courts will consider whether the foreign judicial system itself is compatible with traditional notions of due process, not whether the specific ruling did).<\/p>\n<p>Under CPLR \u00a7 5304(b), some instances in which a New York court <em>need not <\/em>recognize a foreign country judgment are:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"padding-left: 0\">\n<li>the defendant in the proceeding in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceeding in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend;<\/li>\n<li>the judgment was obtained by fraud that deprived the losing party of an adequate opportunity to present its case;<\/li>\n<li>the judgment or the cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of this state or of the United States;<\/li>\n<li>the judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment;<\/li>\n<li>the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be determined otherwise than by a proceeding in that court;<\/li>\n<li>the judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial doubt about the integrity of the rendering courts with respect to the judgment;<\/li>\n<li>the specific proceeding in the foreign court leading to the judgment was not compatible with the requirements of due process of law.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Recently, a court in the Southern District of New York ruled that judicial <em>recognition<\/em> of a foreign money judgment in a New York court does not require the court to have jurisdiction over the judgment debtor. \u00a0<em>See Cargill Fin. Servs. Int&#8217;l, Inc. v. Barshchovskiy<\/em>, 2025 WL 522108 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Will the courts in your jurisdiction reconsider the merits of the judgment to be enforced?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Article 53 does not explicitly permit New York courts to reconsider the merits of a judgment, but courts are allowed to inquire into whether the foreign judgment would be repugnant to the public policy of New York or the United States. CPLR \u00a7 5304(b)(3). This inquiry may require the courts to examine the substance of the foreign court\u2019s ruling.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Will the courts in your jurisdiction examine whether the foreign court had jurisdiction over the defendant? If so, what criteria will they apply to this?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, when determining whether to recognize a foreign judgment, New York courts will evaluate whether the foreign court had personal jurisdiction over the judgment debtor and jurisdiction over the subject matter. CPLR \u00a7 5304(a). New York courts will evaluate whether the foreign court\u2019s exercise of jurisdiction comports with U.S. due process laws.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts in your jurisdiction impose any requirements on the way in which the defendant was served with the proceedings? Can foreign judgments in default be enforced?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>New York courts have the discretion to deny recognition of a judgment if the debtor did not receive proper notice of the proceeding. <em>See <\/em>CPLR \u00a7 5304. \u201cIf recognition of a foreign money judgment were sought in New York and the defendant had received no meaningful notice of the foreign proceeding, the lack of notice would serve as a legitimate basis for not enforcing the judgment in [New York].\u201d <em>John Galliano, S.A. v. Stallion, Inc.<\/em> 15 N.Y.3d 75, 80-81 (2010).<\/p>\n<p>Foreign default judgments may be enforced in New York by filing a motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint pursuant to CPLR \u00a7 3213. <em>See<\/em> <em>John Galliano, S.A. v. Stallion<\/em>, <em>Inc.<\/em>, 879 N.Y.S.2d 400, 401 (1st Dep\u2019t 2009) (enforcing a French default judgment and noting, \u201cNew York\u2019s public policy favoring resolution of disputes on the merits does not preclude enforcement of a foreign default judgment,\u201d) <em>aff\u2019d<\/em>, 15 N.Y.3d 75 (2010).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts in your jurisdiction have a discretion over whether or not to recognise foreign judgments?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, New York state law expressly details mandatory and discretionary grounds for denying the recognition and enforcement of foreign country judgments. Please refer to <strong>Question 11<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are there any types of foreign judgment which cannot be enforced in your jurisdiction? For example can foreign judgments for punitive or multiple damages be enforced?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Foreign money judgments for taxes, fines, penalties, and domestic relations-related money judgments cannot be enforced in New York. CPLR \u00a7 5302(b).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can enforcement procedures be started in your jurisdiction if there is a pending appeal in the foreign jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>To be domesticated in New York, a foreign judgment must be final. If an appeal of the judgment is pending or will be pursued in the foreign court, then New York courts will stay the enforcement of the foreign judgment until the appeal is concluded or when the time for appeal has expired. CPLR \u00a7 5404.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can you appeal a decision recognising or enforcing a foreign judgment in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, these decisions can be appealed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can interest be claimed on the judgment sum in your jurisdiction? If so on what basis and at what rate?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, a creditor may claim judgment-related interest. Courts have the discretion to determine the interest rate and may consider various factors such as when the interest accrued and whether the parties contractually agreed upon an interest rate. If interest accrues between entry of judgment in the foreign court and its recognition in New York, then a New York court will likely apply the interest rate set by the foreign jurisdiction. \u00a0<em>See <\/em><em>Kotbi v. Najjar<\/em>, 213 N.Y.S.3d 36 (App. Div. 2024) (prejudgment interest should be set at the rate specified by the foreign court, rather than at New York\u2019s statutory prejudgment rate). After judgment is entered by the New York court, the court will typically apply an interest rate based on New York law.\u00a0\u00a0<em>See, e.g., Vinogradov v. Sokolova<\/em>, 77 Misc. 3d 284, 289 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2022) (Following entry of judgment, the interest rate applied is \u201cis assessed based on \u2018the law of the forum\u2019\u2014i.e., New York.\u201d). The statutory interest rate for money judgments in New York is 9 percent. CPLR \u00a7 5004.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Do the courts of your jurisdiction require a foreign judgment to be converted into local currency for the purposes of enforcement?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Typically, New York courts can convert a foreign currency judgment into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate on the date of the entry of judgment, but they are not obligated to. New York state law provides that \u201c[i]n any case in which the cause of action is based upon an obligation denominated in a currency other than the currency of the United States, a court shall render or enter a judgment or decree in the foreign currency of the underlying obligation. Such judgment or decree shall be converted into currency of the United States at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of entry of the judgment or decree.\u201d New York Jud. L. \u00a7 27(b).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Can the costs of enforcement (e.g. court costs, as well as the parties\u2019 costs of instructing lawyers and other professionals) be recovered from the judgment debtor in your jurisdiction?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, judgment creditors may be entitled to recover the costs of enforcement if there is a contractual agreement between the parties securing litigation costs for the parties, or the foreign judgment provides for such indemnification. In <em>D&#8217;Amico Dry D.A.C. v. Primera Mar. (Hellas) Ltd.<\/em>, the court determined that the plaintiff was entitled to attorneys\u2019 fees where the English judgment provided that defendants would indemnify the plaintiffs for \u201ccosts of collection.\u201d 433 F. Supp. 3d 576, 578 (S.D.N.Y. 2019),\u00a0<em>aff&#8217;d sub nom.\u00a0d&#8217;Amico Dry d.a.c. v. Sonic Fin. Inc.<\/em>, 794 F. App&#8217;x 127 (2d Cir. 2020). The court further noted that \u201cCPLR 5303 . . . does not invalidate foreign judgments that provide for legal fees incurred in collecting upon those judgments.\u201d <em>Id. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Are third parties allowed to fund enforcement action in your jurisdiction? If so, are there any restrictions on this and can third party funders be made liable for the costs incurred by the other side?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>Yes, neither Article 53 nor New York common law prohibits third-party litigation funding to fund enforcement actions. Litigation lending is a rapidly growing industry in New York, and we anticipate this market will face increasing scrutiny and regulation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">What do you think will be the most significant developments in the enforcement process in your jurisdiction in the next 5 years?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>We anticipate that cross-jurisdictional enforcement will continue to grow in New York, as multinational corporations navigate an increasingly complicated business, legislative, and judicial landscape. While it remains unclear whether the United States intends to ratify international conventions and treaties that govern multijurisdictional judgment enforcement, ratification could have a significant impact on how New York courts recognize and enforce foreign judgments.<\/p>\n<p>The recent Southern District of New York decision finding that New York courts do not need jurisdiction over debtors to recognize foreign judgments against them may inspire creditors to bring additional domestication and enforcement suits in New York. <em>Cargill Financial Services Int\u2019l, Inc. v. Barshchovskiy<\/em> (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 18, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country ratified the Hague Choice of Courts Convention 2005, and if so when did it (or will it) come into force? If not, do you expect it to in the foreseeable future?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The United States has not yet ratified the Convention of 30 June 2005 on Choice of Court Agreements.\u00a0 Given the passage of time, it is not possible to state whether the United States will do so in the foreseeable future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"question-block filter-container__element\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"filter-container__match-html\">Has your country ratified the Hague Judgments Convention 2019, and if so when did it (or will it) come into force? If not, do you expect it to in the foreseeable future?<\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"show-me\">+<\/button>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"question_answer filter-container__match-html\" style=\"display:none;\"><p>The United States has not yet ratified the Convention of 2 July 2019 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters.\u00a0 Given the passage of time, it is not possible to state whether the United States will do so in the foreseeable future.<\/p>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"word-count-hidden\" style=\"display:none;\">Estimated word count: <span class=\"word-count\">3593<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/wp-content\/themes\/twentyseventeen\/src\/jquery\/components\/filter-guides.js\" async><\/script><\/div>"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide\/111790","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comparative_guide"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/comparative_guide"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.legal500.com\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}