Norton Rose Fulbright > London, England > Firm Profile

Norton Rose Fulbright > The Legal 500 Rankings

Corporate and commercial > Equity capital markets – small-mid cap Tier 1

Norton Rose Fulbright draws praise from clients for its ‘strong grasp of the commercial implications of legal points and speed to act on key points’. The London-based ECM practice advises on the entire range of equity-related transactions for a litany of issuers, from FTSE 100 to AIM, as well as being particularly strong in London listed funds. The team is also noted as an adviser to bookrunners in the space, as well as for its deep sector expertise in real estate-related transactions. Raj Karia heads up the cross-disciplinary corporate, M&A and securities practice. The highly experienced Richard Sheen is well known for his focus on equity capital markets and investment fund work, while Fiona Millington‘s broad practice sees her advising issuers and investment banks on IPOs, equity fund raisings, sponsor transactions for listed companies, and public M&A. Clementine Hogarth  advises listed companies and financial investors on the entire gamut of ECM transactions.  

Finance > Islamic finance Tier 1

Led from London by Farmida Bi  and also able to leverage significant resources on the ground in Dubai, the ‘well organised, efficient and client focused team’ at Norton Rose Fulbright is well-positioned to advise investors, corporates, governments and banks across a broad range of Islamic finance structures pursuant to transactions in core areas of expertise for the firm as a whole, including energy, transport and real estate. A good deal of the work flow centres around debt capital markets transactions, with Bi recently advising ACWA Power on the update and second drawdown under its domestic sukuk programme, the proceeds of which were used to refinance its large equity investment in a high profile and strategically significant Jizan IGCC project. Yusuf Battiwala has made a strong impact to the practice (particularly in the context of derivates and structured finance matters) since his arrival from Dentons in March 2022, including handling a considerable number of mandates for large commercial/investment banks on Islamic repo transactions. Counsel Andrew Coote is also a key member of the team, regularly working alongside Bi for underwriters and issuers, including their continued work for Pakistan Ministry of Finance on its sovereign sukuk and bond issuances.

Finance > Trade finance Tier 1

Norton Rose Fulbright has a broad practice that covers a range of financing transactions, including big-ticket borrowing base facilities, though it also works in innovative areas such as the development of electronic trade platforms, carbon credit financing deals, and ESG-related matters. Global head of trade finance Nicholas Grandage and senior associate Richard Wilkes recently acted for Standard Chartered Bank in a €350m green trade finance syndicated uncommitted invoice-based facility to support Polestar Group’s import of electric vehicles into Europe and North America. 'Astute negotiator' Andrew Wood advises financiers (including banks, alternative financiers, DFIs, ECAs, corporate borrowers, fintechs, trading companies and suppliers/producers on cross-border structured trade finance transactions. With counsels Mark Brighouse and Tudor Plapcianu, Wood advised ED&F Man Group on the $629m structuring and refinancing its world-wide borrowing base, reference borrowing base, margin line, trade instruments and revolving credit facility across 29 jurisdictions.  The arrival of highly regarded structured finance partner Yusuf Battiwala from Dentons boosts the firm's capacity to handle large structured note and receivables programmes.

Finance > Transport finance and leasing Tier 1

Combining core overarching transportation industry knowledge with a deep understanding of a myriad financial products to facilitate new money mandates and refinancings in the sector, Norton Rose Fulbright is well-positioned to provide a 'commercial approach' to a myriad stakeholders across all transport asset classes. The sheer size of the team allows a strong degree of specialisation at partner level, while the diversity of client types, including lessors, banks, funds, operators and export credit agencies, ensures that the team has wide knowledge across the market and a truly 360 degree perspective of each matter. Simon Hartley has developed a reputation among shipping clients for his 'solutions driven' service, particularly as it pertains to work in the cruise sector, where Carnival remains a core client. Eleanor Martin   has deep knowledge of the offshore shipping, in particular, and alongside restructuring partners in London and US, recently advised the lender committee in relation Altera's restructuring helping to guide it out of Chapter 11 protection and its subsequent re-chartering of the Knarr FPSO to Equinor UK. The firm has also been very active on insolvencies in the aviation sector, with the team picking up roles as special aviation counsel in relation to the Chapter 11 restructuring of both LATAM and SAS. Appreciated for his 'very high service levels and responsiveness', Owen Mulholland has been pivotal to both these mandates, a reflection of his longstanding relationship with both aforementioned carriers. Duncan Batchelor is also key to the firm’s aviation finance practice and has particular expertise advising on structured financings including Japanese, French, UK and Luxembourg lease structures. Of the more junior practitioners in the team, Will Alete continues to grow his reputation in the aviation sector for a varied mix of airlines, banks and lessors, while at an associate level, Matthew Bambury  has a 'great grasp of technical detail', ensuring that he is a popular choice among lenders on structured leasing mandates within the maritime sector.

Industry focus > Emerging markets Tier 1

Norton Rose Fulbright is recommended by clients for its 'capability to offer creative solutions despite pressure, and work as one team with its clients'. The firm has an extensive emerging markets practice in London, and is active in Francophone and Anglophone Africa, the Middle East, the CIS region, Latin America and in Southeast Asia. Its work focuses on key sectors such as mining, agriculture, oil and gas, power and infrastructure development, and commodity trading, covering transactional work, finance and disputes. Martin McCann, who has extensive experience in infrastructure, mining, commodities and project finance, is head of the London emerging markets group. He acted for Horizonte Minerals PLC in arranging a $660m financing package for the construction and development of an Araguaia ferronickel mine in Brazil. Head of banking and finance Madhavi Gosavi is a key adviser on structured financings, project financings and restructurings. She recently assisted the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Angola with the $1bn financing of the Bita water production, transmission and distribution system in South Luanda. Corporate partner Raj Karia is a key member of the firm’s mining and minerals practice, and Bayo Odubeko, also in the corporate team, focuses on cross-border energy investments into Africa.

Projects, energy and natural resources > Infrastructure: Project finance and development Tier 1

Steered by the highly experienced renewable energy and energy transition specialist Rob Marsh, Norton Rose Fulbright ‘s infrastructure practice has had an impressive year, pulling in a large volume of work acting for both public and private bodies on a series of complex and significant cross-border mandates. With emerging markets seeing more investment than ever before, the group has helmed high-profile deals for a mix of leading players in Africa, including the governments of Angola and Nigeria. Exemplifying the firm’s skillset in this region is Madhavi Gosavi, who has had near-unparalleled exposure to the continent. In the UK, the firm has been deeply involved in the UK’s Project Cavalry, which involves the financing, development and delivery of eight projects relating to police, schools and judicial courts extension and build programmes. Martin McCann‘s eminent reputation continues to generate a considerable amount of work for the practice, while Andrew Buisson leverages construction experience to act on  PFI/PPP projects. Daniel Metcalfe has deep financing knowledge and acts on a number of renewables and digital infrastructure mandates across Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Jessica Melville advises lenders, sponsors and governments on a wide array of assets and has been a key supporting presence on the practice's most consequential instructions.

Projects, energy and natural resources > Mining and minerals Tier 1

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s impressive deal flow sees consistent high-end mandates related to complex mining projects and transactions with a focus on battery metals, electric vehicles and the energy transition, with a notable increase in greenfield battery metals projects and battery processing. Private equity and debt financing across projects and transactions is another key specialism of the ‘experienced team’, which is particularly well-known for its experience in Africa. The London-based team also possesses demonstrable know-how on disputes, regulations and investigations in key global mining markets. Practice leader and pre-eminent project finance lawyer Martin McCann lends his expertise to all aspects of debt financing in the mining sector. Corporate partner Raj Karia advises sector-specific clients on M&A, ECM, joint ventures and restructuring transactions. Daniel Metcalfe is a key name for financing complex cross-border transactions in emerging markets.

Real estate > Commercial property: corporate occupiers Tier 1

Leveraging support from the firm’s international work, the ‘knowledgeable and commercial team’ at Norton Rose Fulbright is geared to handle domestic and international real estate development mandates. The practice is also well-regarded for its expertise in energy and infrastructure projects, inward investment, as well as large-scale social housing investment and financing. Head of real estate Wasim Khan and Charlie Pinkerton are knowledgeable of significant office moves, while the former also has know-how of the rationalisation of their space requirements. David Hawkins is adept in landlord and tenant matters, while Louisa Roe excels in leasing transactions. Dan Wagerfield often advises Asian investors and Juliette Kelly is informed in property financing. David Sinclair departed to Stephenson Harwood in December 2022.

TMT (technology, media and telecoms) > Fintech Tier 1

Engaged by clients including major financial institutions, trade bodies, insurtech startups and payment infrastructure providers, Norton Rose Fulbright advises on matters across the fintech spectrum, including payments systems,  distributed ledger technology, digital assets, decentralised finance and transformative transactions. The practice is jointly led by five partners. Global head of fintech Sean Murphy is well placed to advise on the development and deployment of financial services technology. Co-head of payments Victoria Birch advises clients ranging from governments to start-ups on fundraisings, regulatory compliance strategic investments into fintech companies. Fellow co-head of payments Albert Weatherill advises on a broad range of domestic and cross-border financial services regulatory matters. Hannah Meakin, who heads the fintech regulation department, is an authority on the use of distributed ledger technology in relation to market infrastructure and commodity derivatives. Head of insurtech Nicholas Berry, who completes the leadership team, has an in-depth understanding of the deployment of emerging technology in the insurance space. James Russell and Michael (Mike) Knapper  are further names to note.

Transport > Aviation Tier 1

‘Leader in the field’, Norton Rose Fulbright offers a full-service aviation practice, advising on commercial matters including aircraft purchases and leasing arrangements, regulatory issues and slot issues. On the contentious side, the firm has recently acted for lessors and financial institutions making insurance claims in relation to aircraft seized in Russia. The firm is also noted for its EC 261 claims handling work, offering specialised legal tech to help airline clients manage these claims. Leading the team are Patrick Farrell and Robin Springthorpe, both aviation litigation specialists, while Duncan Batchelor focuses on asset financing as part of a wider commercial practice. Charlotte Winter, Annabelle Wheeler and Zayba Drabu focus on aviation disputes, including those pertaining to leasing, manufacturing issues and repossessions. Will Alete has a strong commercial aircraft leasing and acquisition practice.

Corporate and commercial > Equity capital markets – mid-large cap Tier 2

Praised for possessing a ‘wide geographic footprint, including in jurisdictions where other leading ECM firms don’t have a presence’, the team at Norton Rose Fulbright is equally adept acting on major London transactions and across emerging markets, representing issuers in Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. The practice group advises on the entire range of equity and equity-related transactions across the full spectrum of issuers, and is particularly strong with respect to London listed funds. The team has also seen a hive of activity in the real estate and technology sectors over recent years. Raj Karia leads the practice group, which includes US corporate finance expert Thomas Vita and Fiona Millington who advises on IPOs, equity fund raisings and public M&A.

Corporate and commercial > Financial services: contentious Tier 2

Fielding a ‘very sophisticated group of lawyers‘, Norton Rose Fulbright is experienced at all stages of the contentious regulatory process, from the emergence of potential reportable issues through to enforcement and remediation. The team’s work covers a wide range of regulators, including not only the FCA and PRA, but also the FRC, SFO, NCA and OFSI, in addition to global regulatory agencies. Much lauded duo Katie Stephen and David Harris jointly lead the London-based department, with support from Jonathan Herbst, the global head of the financial services offering. Matthew Gregory was promoted to partner in January 2023. At the senior associate level, Claudia Van Gruisen is marked out as ‘a star of the future‘.

Corporate and commercial > Financial services: non-contentious/regulatory Tier 2

The team at Norton Rose Fulbright is ‘at the top of its game’ in the wholesale markets arena, with a strong focus advising on retail and wealth management matters, often involving cross-border elements on account of the firm’s international footprint. Jonathan Herbst spearheads the global financial services regulation group and stands out for his expertise in bank structuring, while Hannah Meakin provides ‘exceptional advice’ on matters concerning market infrastructure, commodities derivatives and fintech. Albert Weatherill, who spearheads the payments practice, and policy development expert Matthew Gregory were promoted to partnership in January 2023. Katie Stephen, who co-heads the contentious financial services group, is another key contact.

Crime, fraud and licensing > Fraud: civil Tier 2

Lawyers of Norton Rose Fulbright leverage the firm’s expansive international footprint to support on multijurisdictional fraud and asset tracing mandates, including those with insolvency, cyber-fraud, white-collar crime, corruption and bribery. Harriet Jones-Fenleigh is an expert in civil fraud disputes, worldwide freezing order applications, and proprietary injunctions, whereas James Lockwood is noted for his track record across a wealth of banking-related matters. The practice is co-led by Patrick Bourke  and Ruth Cowley.

Dispute resolution > Commodities disputes Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright has 'fantastic knowledge of the market, very hands-on, involved in many of the leading cases, well-resourced teams'. EMEA head of disputes Patrick Bourke oversees the world of commodities litigators. Among them are key partner Holly Stebbing who worked with senior associate India Furse to defend ExxonMobil, which was co-defendant with Shell U.K. Limited and BP Exploration Operating Company Limited, in a £440m Commercial Court proceedings brought by Apache North Sea Limited exceeding. Both are 'stars in the making'.  In oil and gas disputes, the firm advises some of the world's largest multi-nationals and the team is 'smart, clever, commercial and completely on top of their game'. Ruth Cowley, Antony Corsi, international arbitration specialist James Rogers and commercial litigator Harriet Jones-Fenleigh also play pivotal roles in commodities disputes. James Rogers moved to Jenner & Block LLP.

Employment > Pensions (non-contentious) Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s team, praised for its ‘consistent quality and first-class professional advice‘, offers clients assistance in a variety of pensions matters, from transition to a master trust, buy-ins and buy-outs, to pensions-related transaction issues. ‘Highly experienced’ and ‘technical’ practitioner Lesley Browning heads the team and is particularly experienced in advising clients on underfunded schemes. Team member Shane O’Reilly is also a name to note, with recent work including advising clients on the implementation of GMP equalisations in addition to advising on the range of general pensions issues. The practice also offers assistance on the drafting of trust documentation as well as with investment issues, overpayment recovery, and de-risking matters.

Finance > Asset based lending Tier 2

Drawing upon 'deep industry knowledge', Norton Rose Fulbright provides 'very commercial' advice to funders, corporates and sponsors across a wide-range of ABL techniques, including in the context of bilateral and syndicated facilities. Under the guidance of the 'excellent' Michael Black, the team has forged a very successful practice handling domestic as well as big-ticket cross-border mandates. Much of the international work is for core lender client, Bank of America, which is appreciative of the firm's ability to provide complex structured advice which incorporates ABL facilities alongside other debt in the capital structure. Alex Dunn has 'extensive ABL knowledge on both UK and cross-border transactions', and is a key member of the team, as is counsel Helen Masri, who is noted for her 'exceptional technical ABL knowledge' and ability to provide 'thoughtful and creative solutions'. 

Finance > Debt capital markets Tier 2

At Norton Rose Fulbright, ‘the team is very efficient and responsive, and their communication is clear, concise, and easy to understand‘. Known for its emerging markets and sovereign bond expertise, the firm is also active in project bonds, debt restructuring, corporate trust matters, Islamic Finance and  Canadian issuance. Practice head Peter Young handles debt offerings under both English and New York law, and he acted for the underwriters of Sweihan PV Power Company PJSC’s $700m senior secured amortizing green bonds offering. EMEA chair Farmida Bi is recognised as one of the most influential women in European finance. Peter Noble is best known for advising Canadian issuers and their dealers in the international debt markets. Highly regarded junior partner Kirstin Russell focuses on corporate trust transactions. She recently worked with Young on a ZAR7.3bn bond restructuring and refinancing for South Africa-based telecommunications operator Cell C, which involved holders of the company’s existing international notes agreeing to an exit consent. Counsel Andrew Coote is a notable practitioner for public structured debt transactions including project bonds and sukuk, while counsel Vishal Mawkin handles both English law- and New York law-governed cross-border debt financings.

Finance > Derivatives and structured products Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright 'has built a strong derivatives and structured finance practice, drawing top talent away from the Magic Circle'. The firm undertakes both transactional and advisory work across a wide variety of asset classes, though it is best known for its work on repackaging transactions. Nigel Dickinson and up-and-coming partner Yusuf Battiwala are the standout practitioners. Dickinson 'occupies a league of his own in the market for complex asset repackaging, with unparalleled product and market knowledge'.  He assisted JP Morgan with hedging transactions related to a static RMBS transaction backed by buy-to-let mortgage loans secured on UK properties. Battiwala recently acted for Goldman Sachs in multiple market access total return swap transactions that transactions provide counterparties with the ability to synthetically access local currency bonds in emerging market jurisdictions. Global head of financial services and regulation Jonathan Herbst, market infrastructure, derivatives and fintech specialist Hannah Mean, covered bond and structured finance partner David Shearer, and Peter Noble, who frequently acts for Canadian issuers in establishing structured securities programmes, are also central to the practice.

Finance > Securitisation Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright ‘has a decent amount of experience and expertise in the area of securitisation and is diligent in its work in order to achieve deadlines and timelines‘. The firm continues grow its capacity to handle RMBS, CMBS, covered bonds, trade receivables deals and much more on behalf of issuers, cash managers and trustees. Head of debt capital markets Peter Young and ‘approachable, trustworthy’ securitisation partner David Shearer oversee the practice, of which counsel Rae Parsons is a prominent member. The hire of Christian Lambie, formerly of Allen & Overy LLP and Morgan Stanley, is a boon to the practice as he brings 25 years’ experience in in advising advising sponsors, arrangers, investors, rating agencies and service providers on high-value transactions. Shearer recently acted as drafting counsel in a warehouse facility for New Wave Capital Limited. which involved the private issue of senior ranking notes to a US investment bank and of mezzanine notes to private investors based in the UK. Shearer and Parsons advised Eurobank on its €5bn covered bond programme, which provides external funding for its underlying Greek mortgage loan book.

Industry focus > Hospitality and leisure Tier 2

With a client roster featuring luxury hotels – including Claridge’s, the Connaught and the Berkeley hotels – the cross-disciplinary and international practice at Norton Rose Fulbright, which has offices throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, Canada, the US and the Middle East, regularly advises on all aspects of hotels and high-profile leisure projects. The team is well versed across the full spectrum of matters in this space, including construction and development, dispute resolution, financing, environment and safety, franchising, data protection, mergers and acquisitions, and operations. Team leader Wasim Khan also heads up the real estate team; his client roster includes many investors from the Middle East, and recent highlights have spanned development, advisory, and financing work. Another key lawyer in this field is corporate transactional specialist Chris Randall, who also specialises in advising cruise operators. Dan Kennedy and Sarah Cullen are particularly experienced in financing work in this sector. Planning law specialist Sarah Fitzpatrick has significant involvement and experience in leisure schemes.

Industry focus > TMT Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright advises on legal, regulatory and commercial issues across the tech, telecoms, media and entertainment sectors. The tech team, led by Sean Murphy, advises on IT projects, joint ventures and supply chain matters. Madeline Bailey focuses on digital transformation and strategic change with extensive knowledge of disruptive technologies. Oliver Stacey specialises in privatisation and restructurings while James Russell  handles outsourcing matters. Caroline Thomas  is well-versed in competition law issues including merger control and state aid.

Insurance > Insurance and reinsurance litigation Tier 2

Experienced commercial disputes expert Michelle George heads up Norton Rose Fulbright‘s practice, which has a notable insurance and reinsurance offering in financial lines, property, general liability, professional indemnity D&O insurance and aviation; the latter is an area of particular strength for Tim Ingham. Senior consultant Adrian Mecz has considerable experience handling international fraud investigations, particularly those arising in financial institutions and commercial crime coverages, while Charlie Weston-Simons specialises in high-value warranty and indemnity claims, having also advised several clients on Covid-19 coverage issues. Senior associate Mike George‘s expertise further spans trade credit and political risk matters.

Insurance > Insurance: corporate and regulatory Tier 2

With strong capabilities across transactional, regulatory and advisory, and projects matters, Norton Rose Fulbright advises a number of high-profile players in the insurance market, assisting both major insurers and financial institutions in their insurance sector mandates. Drawing upon the wider firm’s international M&A capabilities, the team is well-placed to assist in complex cross-border M&A; such work is a focus of James Bateson, the global head of both insurance and financial institutions, as is complex restructures. Maria Ross‘s practice also encompasses such mandates as part of her wider specialisation in life insurance, and both Maria and James are equally capable in handling regulatory matters. Matthew Foster and Nicholas Berry both bring a similarly blended approach, with Matthew additionally leading the global warranty and indemnity practice and Nicholas having particular expertise in respect of insurtech. The firm also possesses in depth experience in the Lloyd’s market, with involvement in the development and structuring of third party syndicate arrangements, financing facilities, M&A, and legacy transactions. Bob Haken left the firm in December 2022 to join HFW.

Insurance > Professional negligence Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright is a leading firm with an impressive client base, including many leaders in their respective fields, such as PwC, Lloyds Bank, and Markel. The department is experienced at the highest levels of the UK courts, and benefits from a vast global network which covers Europe, the US, Asia, Australia, Canada, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. Team lead Michelle George is a ‘highly experienced top-class lawyer’ with thirty years of experience in handling complex, high value commercial disputes. Helen Fairhead and Katie Stephen are key names within the department. Counsel Mike George, a ‘dedicated and client-focused lawyer with excellent attention to detail’, is frequently active on high value matters.

Investment fund formation and management > Listed funds Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright assists fund managers across the cycle of a fund, supporting fund formations and mergers in addition to advising on regulatory regimes. The firm specialises in advising managers investing in several asset classes, including energy and transport assets, alongside alternatives ranging from debt to insurance. Richard Sheen heads the team, handling fund formation, M&A, and equity capital markets (ECM) transactions. Ian Fox acts for both managers and sponsors in regard to IPOs and fundraisings, with a particular specialisation in property funds. Counsel Margaret Simcock handles the structuring and restructuring of listed funds.

Projects, energy and natural resources > Infrastructure: M&A and acquisition financing Tier 2

Spearheaded by Raj Karia, the team at Norton Rose Fulbright has ‘vast subject matter expertise and bench strength’, offering a strong competence across the full range of infrastructure and energy assets, with particular strength in digital infrastructure and transport. Given the global reach of the firm, the team advises on a litany of complex, cross border mandates, including key transactions such as tower deals,  for major financial and industry players in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Providing counsel to large global investment platforms alongside public limited companies, market veteran Stephen Rigby is a go-to for renewables work, with a particular focus on getting new capital into infrastructure. Christopher (Chris) Grieves has worked on a roster of big-ticket mandates and has been notably active on mining and oil deals in the United Arab Emirates, while Oliver Stacey‘s expertise includes telecoms and data centre transactions. At the more junior end, Andrew Davies and Mark Maurice have been exposed to a wide variety of work over the past twelve months and are recognised for their supporting roles on complex, multi-jurisdictional transactions. Nari Ertem has been instrumental to the practice’s deals centering around Africa and the Middle East.

Projects, energy and natural resources > Oil and gas Tier 2

Rob Marsh  heads the long-standing energy, infrastructure and natural resources practice at Norton Rose Fulbright. The team represents oil majors, developers, investors and government bodies on the entire project lifecycle including M&A, capital markets raisings, project finance and dispute resolution in the space. Holly Stebbing is the go-to name for litigation and contentious matters, receiving praise as a ‘a first class lawyer, and a strategic thinker’.

Projects, energy and natural resources > Power (including electricity, nuclear and renewables) Tier 2

The ‘diverse, long-standing and focused’ practice at Norton Rose Fulbright is headed up by Rob Marsh, who is vastly experienced in the financing of energy projects. The team ably advises both developers and lenders on the full gamut of energy work which spans an array of sectors, including solar, onshore wind and renewables. The team is well-equipped to handle complex matters at both domestic and international level. Charles Whitney, for example, has an incredible focus on a range of work in Uzbekistan, and is described as a standout practitioner.’ Christopher Down, noted as a ‘thoughtful and dedicated partner’ also has a specialism in this international work. ‘Exceptional operator’ Stephen Rigby has a focus on UK energy and natural resources-related corporate finance work, and Madhavi Gosavi, also finance-focused, is another name to note. Finance specialist Nicky Davies has bolstered the London team with her July 2022 internal relocation from the firm’s Singapore office. Matthew Hardwick  and Daniel Giemajner both departed to Akin in September 2022.

Real estate > Commercial property: development Tier 2

Leveraging support from the firm’s international work, the ‘knowledgeable and commercial team’ at Norton Rose Fulbright is geared to handle domestic and international real estate development mandates. The practice is also well-regarded for its expertise in energy and infrastructure projects, inward investment, as well as large-scale social housing investment and financing. Head of real estate Wasim Khan and Charlie Pinkerton are knowledgeable of significant office moves, while the former also has know-how of the rationalisation of their space requirements. David Hawkins is adept in landlord and tenant matters, while Louisa Roe excels in leasing transactions. Dan Wagerfield often advises Asian investors and Juliette Kelly is informed in property financing. David Sinclair departed to Stephenson Harwood in December 2022.

Real estate > Construction: non-contentious Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright has earned a reputation for its expert advice to project owners, developers, contractors, financiers, and more, across all areas of the construction industry. It is distinguished for its sectoral focus encompassing energy, infrastructure, and natural resources, particularly in projects involving roads, rail, mines, and power generation facilities. The firm’s proficiency extends to advising on alternative procurement models, contract negotiation and preparation, as well as handling supply chain issues. Under the leadership of Donald Warnock, the department includes Andrew Buisson, renowned for his expertise in PFI/PPP concession arrangements, and Chris Down, who offers broad experience in the development and financing of construction projects. Recently relocated from Singapore to London, Nicky Davies brings her speciality in financing and construction aspects of major infrastructure projects, particularly in negotiating concession agreements and associated project and finance documentation.

Real estate > Environment Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s practice, noted for its ‘great technical strength and depth’ is highly regarded for its ability to advise on a broad range of environmental work across various geographies. Sustainability and ESG is a key area of focus for the team. Special counsel Lucy Bruce Jones, noted as being ‘really sensible, with good judgement’, is particularly adept to handle matters in this regard, and provides related advice on key property transactions; infrastructure, development and renewables projects; and on regulatory compliance issues more broadly. It also has experience advising on contentious work. Head of environment, health and safety across EMEA Caroline May, who ‘stands out as a leader not only of her practice but within the legal sector’, heads up the practice alongside planning and environment specialist Sarah Fitzpatrick and projects and renewables expert Laura Kiwelu.

Risk advisory > Corporate governance Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright acts for high-profile corporate and financial services clients on disclosure, reporting obligations, shareholder issues and board-level matters, and often handles governance work stemming from its corporate investigations practice. Jon Perry and David Harris head the team, with Perry handling a range of corporate-related governance matters in the commodities, mining and financial services sectors, and Harris being a name for contentious financial services matters and cross-border investigations. Claire O’Donnell advises on transactional matters, and governance and business ethics, Jonathan Herbst handles financial regulatory and anti-corruption matters, and Katie Stephen is a name for money laundering, investigations and enforcement issues. In January 2023, Stuart Neely and Matthew Gregory were promoted to partner; Neely offers expertise in human rights and modern slavery issues, while Gregory is another name for financial services regulatory issues.

Risk advisory > Data protection, privacy and cybersecurity Tier 2

Jointly headed by Marcus Evans and Ffion Flockhart, Norton Rose Fulbright’s data protection, privacy, and cybersecurity team acts for large corporate and government clients in the financial services, life sciences, telecoms, and tech sectors. Evans leads the firm’s data privacy offering, handling multi-jurisdictional privacy issues across the spectrum of compliance, strategy, and regulatory response issues with a focus on emerging technologies. Cybersecurity is a notable strength of the firm, headed by Flockhart who has significant experience advising on the various aspects of risk management, global crisis response coordination, and incident response and impact mitigation.  Working alongside them is Lara White, who is recommended for her expertise advising retail and consumer clients in relation to privacy obligations. At the senior associate level, Shiv Daddar and Fiona Bundy-Clarke act on cross-border data protection and compliance projects.

Risk advisory > Regulatory investigations and corporate crime (advice to corporates) Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright regularly advises corporates on complex cross-border criminal investigations conducted by domestic and international authorities, including the SFO, FCA, and US DOJ. The practice demonstrates significant strength in the sanctions field, and advises corporates and financial institutions on US, EU, and UK regulation, export controls, and bribery laws, along with ESG compliance programmes. Co-heads Patrick Bourke and Neil O’ May bring vast expertise handling multi-jurisdictional white-collar crime prosecutions to the team, whilst the ‘unflappable’ Pamela Reddy is an expert on cross-border bribery, fraud, and money laundering matters. David Harris has experience dealing with financial sanctions issues, and Katie Stephen focuses on AML . Ruth Cowley concentrates on complex litigation, with Andrew Reeves regularly acting for banks and major corporates on a range of matters. Stuart Neely was promoted to partner in January 2023, with Claudia Culley also recommended.

TMT (technology, media and telecoms) > IT and telecoms Tier 2

Norton Rose Fulbright has demonstrable experience advising on large-scale innovative IT projects, such as technology joint ventures, consortia and collaborations involving emerging and disruptive technologies. The practice is also well-versed in M&A, technology-related disputes and competition matters. Sean Murphy, who assists clients on the development and deployment of financial services technology, jointly leads the team alongside Oliver Stacey and James Russell, who specialises in outsourcing and IP. Finance expert Daniel Metcalfe advises on cross-border transactions involving towers, cable and data centers, while Marcus Evans  handles data protection, privacy and cyber security mandates.

Transport > Rail Tier 2

Andrew Buisson heads the offering at Norton Rose Fulbright. It has a broad client base which includes governments, rail companies, transport authorities, rolling stock owning companies, financiers and train operating companies. In addition, the group is able to draw on a pool of rail specialists from across its other offices globally. The London team has been busy working on various rail and infrastructure projects in the UK, and has also been extensively involved in a number of international projects. Susanna Rogers is another key figure who regularly provides regulatory advice to a variety of stakeholders in the rail sector. Counsel Louise Auty is an asset finance lawyer with extensive rail experience.

Corporate and commercial > Corporate tax Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s full service practice is noted for its global reach, with a strong record of complex cross-border transactions. The department is jointly led by global head of tax Dominic Stuttaford, and London head Matthew Hodkin. Stuttaford specialises in M&A transactions and corporate reorganisations, while Hodkin has particular expertise in the establishment of funds and joint ventures. Other core team members include Michael Alliston, who advises on the full range of transactional taxes, and Julia Lloyd, whose focus is the tax elements of real estate transactions and funds.

Corporate and commercial > EU and competition Tier 3

The competition group at Norton Rose Fulbright is praised by clients for its ‘global reach, skills and knowledge’. Possessing the capabilities to assist clients on the full spectrum of competition matters, the team has a particular focus on the technology, financial, transport and energy sectors. Ian Giles and Mark Simpson respectively head the firm’s EMEA and London practices. Giles covers a range of antitrust and competition law areas, with a specific focus on merger control and cartels. Simpson, described as ‘fantastic’ and ‘very dedicated’, has advised on a number of price control appeals before the CMA. The ‘highly commercial’ Mark Tricker is noted for his expertise in merger control clearances, cartel investigations and market investigations. The team has been strengthened by the arrival of Miranda Cole, who joined from Covington & Burling LLP, and Alexandra Rogers, who joined from White & Case LLP.

Corporate and commercial > VAT and indirect tax Tier 3

The tax team at Norton Rose Fulbright provides a range of clients with advice on various indirect and VAT matters, including the tax implications of major restructurings and M&A. The group is also active in contentious mandates. Dominic Stuttaford heads up the firm’s global tax department with a strong focus on the tax aspects of corporate finance in the insurance and technology sectors, while Chris Bates leads the firm’s European VAT group, which enables the practice to provide cross-border support to its clients. Matthew Hodkin is also notable for his advice on VAT regarding the energy generation and supply industry.

Crime, fraud and licensing > Fraud: white-collar crime (advice to individuals) Tier 3

Maintaining a strong track record representing senior executives and UHNW individuals, Norton Rose Fulbright’s practice covers all aspects of financial crime, showing strength negotiating DPAs and defending fraud investigations. The team is well-equipped to handle proceedings conducted by overseas enforcement agencies, as well as displaying consistent involvement in major SFO and FCA related affairs. The group is jointly led by Patrick Bourke and Neil O’May, with the latter specialising in criminal and regulatory law matters. The ‘calm and astute’ Pamela Reddy has 25 years’ experience advising clients in domestic and international fraud, corruption, and money laundering investigations. while David Harris concentrates on cross-border internal investigations and criminal prosecutions. Katie Stephen is highly knowledgeable on AML and market abuse issues, Andrew Reeves is an expert on bribery and corruption, while Annie Birch, Claudia Culley and Thomas Hubbard are also highly regarded within the team at non-partner level.

Dispute resolution > Banking litigation: investment and retail Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright has a ‘highly experienced financial services regulatory team combined with astute commercial litigators’, acting for major banks on contentious regulatory matters, corporate crime investigations, and a range of high-profile banking mandates. Patrick Bourke is the head of the team that consists of Harriet Jones-Fenleigh, who is ‘highly recommended for her legal skills and commercial approach’, ‘model litigator’ Radford Goodman, and the ‘understated and very effective’ James Lockwood. At associate level the ‘particularly impressive’ Aditya Badami is recognised, along with the ‘insightful’ Samson Spanier.

Dispute resolution > Commercial litigation: premium Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright’s ‘first-class, top-quality team’ act on disputes for major blue-chip clients across all key industries of the firm, including financial institutions, energy, infrastructure, transport, tech, life sciences, and healthcare. Mandates acted on by the firm are often high-value, complex, and cross-border, and involve the likes of HSBC and Shell. Patrick Bourke and Ruth Cowley form the leadership of the practice, both with expansive domestic and international experience. Key to the team is Harriet Jones-Fenleigh, who ‘offers unparalleled strategic insight’, ‘top class litigation heavyweight’ Antony Corsi, and ‘hardworking and pragmatic’ Holly Stebbing.

Dispute resolution > Competition litigation Tier 3

The team at Norton Rose Fulbright regularly represents clients in CMA investigations, follow-on damages claims concerning EU Commission infringement decisions, and interventions. Ian Giles and the ‘very sharp' Mark Simpson jointly lead the practice, with Simpson having a great deal of expertise in acting in EU cartel investigations and price control appeals before the CMA. Susanna Rogers primarily advises clients within the regulated utilities sector; whilst Helen Fairhead exhibits a ‘formidable skillset‘, acting for both claimants and defendants in collective proceedings and cartel damages claims. Caroline Thomas is ‘massively impressive', and maintains a tech-focused practice, often acting in class actions. Acting as managing partner of the firm, Peter Scott has broad expertise in arbitrations and often appears before the High Court in disputes.

Dispute resolution > International arbitration Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright routinely acts across several jurisdictions from the outset of disputes. The team also assists at award enforcement stages. Paul Stothard recently relocated to London from Dubai, where he was disputes head; Holly Stebbing is 'a real arbitration specialist'; and Patrick Bourke is a Middle East expert. Senior associate Joseph Bentley has 'a phenomenal ability to understand complexity'. Former partners Matthew Buckle and James Rogers have left the firm, the latter at Jenner & Block LLP since February 2023.

Dispute resolution > Tax litigation and investigations Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s tax team has key strength in international tax disputes, such as matters related to tax residence, challenges to international group structures, and the interpretation of double tax treaties. Global head of tax Dominic Stuttaford leads the team and advises domestic and international clients on a diverse range of contentious tax matters. Matthew Hodkin, who is head of the London tax team, advises on disputes with tax authorities, in addition to a broad non-contentious practice. Ruth Cowley has notable expertise in conducting external and internal investigations.

Employment > Employee share schemes Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright exhibits ‘great breadth of knowledge across the team’, often handling complex advisory projects and international M&A matters for both public and private clients. The team also has longstanding experience of designing incentive plans for unlisted companies, frequently advising fintech clients. Matthew Findley leads the team; his varied case load includes advising on the investor relations issues associated with executive incentives. He is frequently supported by Barbara Gaffey who is singled out for her expertise in the global roll-out of employee share plans.

Employment > Health and safety Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright  is well-regarded for its ‘talent at all levels of seniority’, and is led by ‘consummate professional’ Caroline May, who has experience handling both contentious and non-contentious energy, transport and construction issues. The team is regularly handles matters involving corporate manslaughter allegations and multiple fatalities. Associate Andrew Swarbrick who joined the team in May 2022 from Kennedys is noted as having ‘experience beyond his years’. Litigation expert Neil O’May is a key member of the team, and is well-equipped to advise clients on investigations and prosecutions following accidents.

Finance > Bank lending: investment grade debt and syndicated loans Tier 3

The ‘practical and innovative’ team at Norton Rose Fulbright has gained a particularly strong reputation advising lenders and corporates on syndicated emerging markets deals, where it is able to provide a value-add service through the effective use of legal tech and partnering with lawyers across the firm’s vast international network. Neha Khosla  leads on much of this work from London and has built up a strong reputation for her collaborative approach and strength at advising on multi-source financings. As well as his role as global IBOR transition head, Davide Barzilai has ‘wide experience in different areas of bank lending’, including ECA-supported mandates, ABL and Islamic finance, ensuring that he is a popular choice on complex international syndicated mandates. ABL expert Michael Black  heads up the general London banking team, while Madhavi Gosavi  is head of banking and finance for the EMEA region.

Real estate > Commercial property: investment Tier 3

Leveraging support from the firm’s international work, the ‘knowledgeable and commercial team’ at Norton Rose Fulbright is geared to handle domestic and international real estate development mandates. The practice is also well-regarded for its expertise in energy and infrastructure projects, inward investment, as well as large-scale social housing investment and financing. Head of real estate Wasim Khan and Charlie Pinkerton are knowledgeable of significant office moves, while the former also has know-how of the rationalisation of their space requirements. David Hawkins is adept in landlord and tenant matters, while Louisa Roe excels in leasing transactions. Dan Wagerfield often advises Asian investors and Juliette Kelly is informed in property financing. David Sinclair departed to Stephenson Harwood in December 2022.

Real estate > Construction: contentious Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright demonstrates extensive experience advising a broad spectrum of clients in the construction industry, from project owners and developers to financiers and consultants. Its scope of practice spans contentious matters including early warning strategy, negotiation of commercial issues on live projects, dispute resolution drafting, and enforcement challenges. The co-heads of the team, Donald Warnock and Simon Ramsden, specialise in advising on construction and engineering aspects of major projects and focusing on dispute resolution in various sectors, respectively. Counsel Amy Armitage has industry-wide experience, having acted for contractors, subcontractors, employers, insurers, and funders across Europe, Africa, South America and the Middle East. Associate Sarah Gosling contributes her knowledge of construction and engineering disputes in the energy sector and commercial international arbitration, with particular experience across Asia-Pacific.

Real estate > Property finance Tier 3

Norton Rose Fulbright ‘has extensive capability across all corporate finance matters’, notably in mezzanine structures, development financings, forward fundings, Opco/Propco structures, and sale and leasebacks. ‘Standout’ Sarah Cullen leads the team, and is active in hotel financings, loan portfolio sales and distressed debt restructuring. Banking partner Dan Kennedy is sought after for development financings of large-scale mixed-use regeneration projects. Structured finance expert Jennie Dorsaint and senior associate Jessy Makdessi are also of note.

Corporate and commercial > M&A: Upper Mid-Market And Premium Deals, £750m+ Tier 4

Praised by clients as a ‘top international law firm with an outstanding ability,’ the corporate, M&A and securities team at Norton Rose Fulbright  handles cross-border M&A transactions for clients  in sectors such as financial services, technology, energy and healthcare. Practice head Raj Karia is well-placed to advise international corporations and investment banks on M&A, joint ventures and restructuring in the natural resources and energy sectors. Paul Whitelock who co-chairs the public M&A group, and Kit McCarthy are recommended for expertise in Main Market and AIM takeovers, and both of whom were previously seconded to the Takeover Panel. Corporate practitioner Alan Bainbridge specialises in advising banks and other financial institutions. Handling listed company work across a range of sectors is Fiona Millington , while Christopher (Chris) Grieves, a joint venture and public and private M&A expert, demonstrates particular capabilities in emerging markets and energy, infrastructure, mining and industrials. Stephen Rigby is another name to note, highly regarded for his equity investment and M&A advice in the energy, infrastructure and utilities sectors. Associate Zahra Sachedina is also recommended.    

Corporate and commercial > Private equity: transactions - mid-market deals (up to £250m) Tier 4

With significant international resources at its disposal, the team at Norton Rose Fulbright – noted for its work in the insurance sector – handles a mix of in-bound investments, acquisitions, and sell-side processes for a range of sponsor clients, particularly in emerging markets. The practice is jointly chaired by Bayo Odubeko, a seasoned PE and VC partner whose recent engagements include fundraising transactions in West Africa, and Sophie O’Connor, who – along with Nicholas Berry – anchors the team’s capabilities in the financial services and insurance sectors. Berry focuses exclusively on insurance transactions, heading up the London office’s InsurTech practice in addition to handling various cross-border deals. Matthew Eccles is noted for his focus on emerging markets.

Employment > Employers Tier 4

Norton Rose Fulbright provides advice on boardroom disputes, non-competition clauses and employment alternative dispute resolution. The team is led by the tech sector-focussed Paul Griffin, who has expertise in restrictive covenant disputes, whistleblowing, discrimination, TUPE, outsourcing and employment-related data protection. Further key names in the team include pharmaceuticals industry specialist Nick Howard and the transactions and restructuring-focussed Catrina Smith.

Employment > Pensions: dispute resolution Tier 4

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s pensions litigation team sits within the firm’s broader dispute resolution team, which is led by the firm's EMEA-lead Patrick Bourke. The practice routinely advises employers and trustees on issues such as investigations initiated by the pensions regulator, internal complaints, and professional negligence cases. Key contacts within the team include the ‘hugely bright' Lesley Browning and associate Suzie Kemp.

Real estate > Planning Tier 4

With its ‘extraordinary bank of legal knowledge and powerhouse lawyers’, the planning team at Norton Rose Fulbright offers advice on a wide range of matters. The firm has a particular focus on London-based redevelopment and compulsory purchases, but it is also experienced in mixed-use schemes and constrained or brownfield development projects. The team also handles contentious matters, and has an active enforcement practice. Practice head Sarah Fitzpatrick has developed the team since her arrival at the firm in 2020, with ‘top tier judgment born of long experience in the field’, and she is supported by ‘standout’ associate Carina Wentzel.

Real estate > Property litigation Tier 4

Norton Rose Fulbright acts for leading investors and developers in both the local and international market on contentious aspects of their UK investments and development projects, including rights of light and security of tenure disputes. Practice head David Stevens advises clients on the full-range of property litigation matters with a particular focus on development constraints, rights of light and vacant possession strategies. He is supported by Greg Rouse.

TMT (technology, media and telecoms) > Intellectual property: trade marks, copyright and design Tier 4

Boasting a diverse client roster, with demonstrable experience in the energy, financial services and technology sectors, Norton Rose Fulbright routinely advises on the acquisition, exploitation, use and enforcement of IP rights. The firm has also recently undertaken work for clients in the automotive industry. Commercial IP specialist Mike Knapper steers the team, often advising clients on the IP aspects of M&A, joint venture transactions and IPOs. Jonathan Ball returned to the team in June 2022, departing from Gowling WLG. Ball strengthens the practice with his focus on the technology and life sciences sector. Abida Chaudri is another key contact in the group.

Transport > Shipping Tier 4

With the support of a strong ship finance team, Norton Rose Fulbright acts across a broad spread of maritime matters. Shipbuilding and offshore disputes are as much part of the practice’s key areas as advising on sanctions and decarbonisation issues. Practice head Philip Roche is noted for his experience in dealing with insurance-related work and the offshore energy sector, and Katie McDougall concentrates on financial and trade sanctions. Litigation, in particular in relation to asset finance work, is a favoured area of activity for Charlotte Winter.

Corporate and commercial > Venture capital Tier 5

The 'very diligent and hard working' team at Norton Rose Fulbright is increasingly focused on venture capital work as an offshoot of its corporate finance and private equity practices. Leveraging the firm's strong regulatory offering, the team has developed a particular niche advising on fintech-related matters, including as it relates to blockchain and crypto-currency. The 'very pragmatic and forward thinking' Victoria Birch  has been central to the firm's success in the space, which has been built on repeat instructions for both investors and investees, as well as very effective use of legal technology to streamline the investor experience (including the firm's nascent strategic minority investment product, which has proved very popular among the venture arms of financial institutions and corporates). Sophie O’Connor  also handles a significant volume of venture mandates, and alongside Birch was instrumental to the development of the aforementioned product.  

Finance > Acquisition finance Tier 5

At Norton Rose Fulbright, the ‘responsive and knowledgeable’ finance team handles a considerable volume of acquisition finance work for its creditor-focused client base. Michael Black , who co-heads the team alongside energy and infrastructure finance expert Madhavi Gosavi , has broad knowledge across myriad finance products, including a market-leading ABL offering, which he regularly deploys as a key part of the finance package to facilitate large-scale cross-border acquisition finance deals. The firm’s emerging markets prowess also regularly elicits acquisition and event-driven finance mandates for commercial and development banks.

Finance > Corporate restructuring & insolvency Tier 5

Able to access resources throughout the firm's vast international network of offices, the 'brilliant' team at Norton Rose Fulbright excels in advising creditors and debtors engaged in cross-border restructurings/insolvencies in firmwide areas of sector strength including transport, energy and financial services. Team head James Stonebridge  regularly works alongside the firm's market-leading asset finance team to provide restructuring expertise in relation to large-scale distressed shipping matters. Mark Craggs  combines a deep knowledge of a variety of restructuring tools (including CVAs and schemes of arrangement) with transactional nous, ensuring that stakeholders are most appropriately advised, including in relation to distressed situations in highly regulated sectors.

TMT (technology, media and telecoms) > Intellectual property: patents (contentious and non-contentious) Tier 6

Norton Rose Fulbright’s patent practice advises clients from a multitude of sectors, from energy to technology. The team is led by Mike Knapper, contributing his considerable strength in the life sciences, energy and technology sectors to the practice. Jonathan Ball rejoined the practice from Gowling WLG in June 2022, enhancing the team with his expertise in patent litigation. Other notable names include Jane Caskey and counsel Farah Mukaddam.

TMT (technology, media and telecoms) > Sport Tier 6

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s sports law team, led by corporate and M&A specialist Stephen Rigby, regularly advises clients on M&A and private equity-driven investment transactions in sports teams and leagues, namely basketball and football. Corporate practitioner Claire O’Donnell is noted for her focus on corporate governance, investment and regulatory advice for clients in motorsports.

Singapore > Projects: foreign firms

The projects team at Norton Rose Fulbright has extensive experience advising on projects from an array of sectors. Alongside power, oil and gas, and infrastructure, the firm has seen an increase in work from the renewable energy sector. Solar, wind, and energy storage projects have been prominent in the group’s recent workload. The client base includes lenders, sponsors, financial institutions, commercial and development banks, sovereign entities, and ECAs. Practice head Nick Merritt has an excellent reputation in advising on the development, financing and acquisition of infrastructure, energy and mining projects. Andrew Digges has over two decades of experience in handling power, resources and infrastructure matters, while Stephen Begley is a key contact on cross-border renewable energy mandates. Counsels Aditya Rebbapragada and Laurie Pearson are also key names to note.

United Arab Emirates > Dispute resolution: arbitration and international litigation

Norton Rose Fulbright‘s team has ‘the confidence, experience and skills to undertake difficult cases’. It draws on the expertise of its deep bench to handle high-value local and international dispute resolution, operating across banking, real estate, hospitality, construction M&A, and energy and infrastructure – among others. The team also includes a number of certified mediators. Deirdre Walker handles all forms of litigation, mediation and arbitration and also assist with DFSA regulatory and internal investigations and Yaroslav Klimov is routinely sought out by CIS countries for representation in disputes. Shabnam Karim is a key figure for healthcare malpractice, D&O, and cyber liability cases, and newly promoted partner Aarti Thadani is a key name for construction litigation. Nick Sharratt joined the practice from Stephenson Harwood Middle East LLP in October 2023 and now leads the practice following Paul Stothard‘s move to the firm’s London office. Orlando Vidal left the firm.

United Arab Emirates > Construction

Norton Rose Fulbright's construction practice is led by Nicholas Kramer, whose recent caseload includes airport, district cooling, PPP, and wind development projects. Mark Berry is knowledgeable of the natural resources sector, notably mining construction and infrastructure, while Anastasia Kastelskaya is active in oil and gas matters. Knowhee Myung is also a key team member.