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Legal Developments in the The Legal 500 United Kingdom 2011
Business interruption insurance: importance of understanding cover
Business interruption insurance is often a key component of a company’s business continuity plan. The insurance is designed to compensate an insured for the financial effect of the interruption or interference to that business as a result of physical damage to an insured property or other key external events, such as damage at a supplier’s or customer’s premises. The intention is to restore the business to the same financial position as if the loss had not occurred, subject always to the terms and conditions of the policy.
Protecting a company and its directors: D&O insurance
The upheaval over the Past few years in the financial markets and the global economy has led to a climate of increased regulation worldwide, with greater exposures for directors and the companies by which they are employed. All of this has highlighted the importance for companies to have adequate insurance protection. Directors’ and officers’ (D&O) insurance is one such policy.
D&O cover protects a director or officer against those potentially significant personal liabilities that may arise from their negligence and breach of duty when acting in their capacity as a director or officer. It is also important to attract high-calibre personnel who may otherwise be wary of taking such positions, particularly for large multinational companies exposed to multijurisdictional regulation and legal systems. However, D&O insurance also protects the company’s balance sheet in various ways.
Do strangers to an insurance contract have a right to claim against the insurers?
Imagine the situation: your company has a significant claim against a supplier for breach of contract and/or negligence. Following the original tender process you are aware that the supplier has the benefit of liability insurance, you know the identity of the insurers and the levels of cover available. You suspect that the supplier itself is in financial difficulties or, worse still, it is in fact insolvent. In what circumstances can you circumvent the insured wrongdoer and proceed directly against the insurers? The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the position under English and French law.
Insurance and the Bribery Act 2010
Born from increasing international co-operation on anti-bribery issues and a general acceptance that legislation relating to the issue in the UK is outdated, the Bribery Act 2010 (the 2010 Act) received royal assent on 8 April 2010.
Anomalies of insurance law
Although the courts are often at pains to point out that insurance law is merely a subset of general contract law and should be applied without any concession or discrimination simply because the subject matter is insurance, there are, in fact, several aspects that are peculiar to insurance. An understanding of these anomalies will assist in penetrating the sometimes arcane depths of insurance law. They include:
Insureds’ continuing obligations through the policy period
Apart from specific requirements imposed to minimise the chance of loss, the insurer may also insist on more general obligations, such as a clause requiring the insured to take reasonable care to avoid liability, loss or damage.
Post-loss insurance obligations
When an event occurs that triggers a notification provision in an insurance contract, the terms should be complied with before quietly sitting back and waiting for the insurer to exercise its rights to adjust the loss or control any issues that arise, including litigation. It is clearly in the insurer’s interests to minimise the loss that it will eventually be paying. But an insurer is entitled to take some time to look into the problem, or it might make its mind up immediately to reserve all its rights, simply decline the claim or, in an extreme scenario, avoid the policy. What should an insured do in these circumstances before a settlement can be negotiated or its rights assessed by a court?
Current insurance law reforms
For over 100 years property and liability insurance law has largely been governed by the Marine Insurance Act 1906, a product of careful thought and drafting that codified the previous 200 years of case law. Times have changed, however, particularly in the speed of communications, the availability of information and the development of the law. The asymmetry of the parties’ positions, whereby the insured knew everything about its affairs and the insurer knew nothing, is today very different. This has resulted in a great deal of activity in the review by trade bodies and the Law Commissions (of England and Scotland) of insurance law over the past ten years, culminating in two recent bills, the Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Bill (the Third Parties Bill) and the Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Bill (the Consumer Insurance Bill).
Terminal traps in insurance contracts
The terms of any insurance contract can be categorised as conditions, conditions precedent, warranties, or terms delimiting the risk. The status of conditions and warranties in mainstream contract law is reversed in insurance law. Breach:
How much are you paying your insurance broker?
Contingent commissions were A lucrative feature of the London insurance market for many years, but the enquiries engendered by Eliot Spitzer, then New York State Attorney General, highlighted the methodology of brokerage in London and resulted in their reduced use.
Insurance is a valuable asset
In cases involving the lending of large sums of money, the use of the borrower’s insurance as a security asset is often viewed as the failsafe in the overall security package.1 In the event of a catastrophe giving rise not only to material damage but also to business interruption, or even the loss of a key member of the borrower’s management, there may be no other significant asset available for recourse by the lender. It is therefore surprising that so little attention is sometimes paid to the technical requirements that need to be met for the insurance policy to become an asset available to the lender. Indeed, the insurance is sometimes an afterthought. Getting the technicalities right is perhaps more important to the lender of the money, but a small mistake by the borrower can have unintended, and sometimes extreme, consequences.
Warranty and indemnity insurance
Irrespective of the scope and quality of the usual due diligence in an acquisition transaction, the primary financial protection for the buyer of a company on either a share or asset deal is the scope and quality of the warranties and indemnities given on its purchase, which themselves depend on the security of the warrantors. If a buyer has any concern as to that security, and a suitable holdback or escrow of part of the purchase price is not available, one solution is to underwrite the financial risk under the warranties and indemnities by obtaining warranty and indemnity insurance. This generically splits into either a warrantor/seller policy or a buyer policy, but can also be a combination of the two, usually with the buyer policy sitting in excess of the seller policy.
Directors’ and officers’ liability insurance: problems and pitfalls
One of the purposes of incorporation is to absorb and contain liability within the corporate shell: the so-called corporate veil, behind which directors used to feel reasonably safe. However, a director can in certain circumstances be personally liable to the company, its liquidator, its shareholders, third parties and any of its regulators, such as the Financial Services Authority (FSA), Health and Safety Executive, Information Commissioner, Pensions Regulator or Office of Fair Trading.
Cancelling insurance: insolvency and downgrade clauses
One of the most common concerns for both parties to an insurance contract (including reinsurance) is that the other party might become insolvent and unable to perform its obligations under the contract. Both insurer and insured will therefore wish to have the right to cancel the insurance mid-term in the event of the other party’s insolvency, or a change in its financial circumstances that makes its insolvency a more likely prospect in the near future.
Extending cover: notification of circumstances
The recent Court of Appeal decision in HLB Kidsons (a firm) v Lloyd’s Underwriters subscribing to Lloyd’s policy No 621/PK1D00101 & ors [2008] illustrates that companies and their officers must be careful to notify their insurers of circumstances that may, or are likely to, give rise to claims strictly in accordance with the relevant policy terms. Otherwise, they may be left without insurance cover for some or all of the claims, when and if they come in. In this article we consider the implications of Kidsons, and flag up the important points to be aware of.
The hidden cost of health and safety regulation
While the cost of compensating those injured in workplace accidents is usually eased by general liability insurance, increasingly an additional layer of costs will come from health and safety regulation, and consequent investigations and prosecutions. This article looks at how costs might arise, how legal costs may or may not be covered by liability insurance, and how the ever-increasing focus of enforcement agencies demands the allocation of resources to risk management. In this environment, the financial and administrative burdens of implementing and maintaining efficient health and safety systems can be far less than those of dealing with an accident.